You are here » home › advanced search › Ctenosaura similis

Ctenosaura similis (GRAY, 1831)

IUCN Red List - Ctenosaura similis - Least Concern, LC
iNaturalist logo

Can you confirm these amateur observations of Ctenosaura similis?

Add your own observation of
Ctenosaura similis »

Find more photos by Google images search: Google images

Higher TaxaIguanidae, Iguania, Sauria, Squamata (lizards)
SubspeciesCtenosaura similis similis (GRAY 1831)
Ctenosaura similis multipunctata BARBOUR & SHREVE 1934 
Common NamesE: Common Spiny-tailed Iguana, Black Iguana
G: Schwarzer Leguan
multipunctata: Providence Spiny-tailed Iguana
S: Garrobo Negro 
SynonymIguana (Ctenosaura) Similis GRAY 1831 (in CUVIER; edit. GRIFFITH)
Ctenosaura similis — BAILEY 1928
Ctenosaura completa BOCOURT 1874: 145
Ctenosaura completa — GÜNTHER 1880
Ctenosaura completa — GÜNTHER 1885: 58
Ctenosaura completa — COPE 1886: 266
Ctenosaura similis — BAILEY 1928: 32
Ctenosaura completa — AHL 1940
Ctenosaura similis — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1991: 387
Ctenosaura similis — LINER 1994
Ctenosaura (Ctenosaura) similis — KÖHLER et al. 2000
Ctenosaura (Ctenosaura) similis — KÖHLER 2003
Ctenosaura similis — MATA-SILVA et al. 2015
Ctenosaura similis — HEIMES 2022

Ctenosaura similis similis (GRAY 1831)
Ctenosaura completa BOCOURT 1874 (in: DUMÉRIL & BOCOURT)
Ctenosaura similis similis — BARBOUR & SHREVE 1934
Ctenosaura similis similis — BUCKLEY et al. 2016

Ctenosaura similis multipunctata BARBOUR & SHREVE 1934
Ctenosaura similis multipunctata BARBOUR & SHREVE 1934
Ctenosaura similis multipunctata — BUCKLEY et al. 2016 
DistributionS Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, Yucatan, Campeche, Quintana Roo), Nicaragua, Guatemala, El Salvador,
Honduras, Belize, Costa Rica, Panama,
Colombia (Old Providence Island, San Andres Island), Venezuela (introduced)
USA (introduced to Florida)

Type locality: not given in GRAY 1831; Restricted to Tela, Honduras (by BAILEY 1928)  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesHolotype: unlocated (Etheridge 1982, Buckley et al. 2011); “Museum of Mr. Bell, London” fide Bailey 1928.
Holotype: MCZ 36830 [multipunctata]
Syntype: USNM 11003 [Ctenosaura completa] 
DiagnosisDiagnosis: BAILEY 1928: 32 
CommentHybridization: KÖHLER & BLINN (2000), GUTSCHE & KÖHLER (2004), and SCHULTE (2007) present evidence for natural hybridization of C. bakeri and C. similis.

Subspecies: According to LEE 2000 only 2 subspecies are recognized (although he doesn’t say explicitly which ones).

Distribution: Old Providence Island and San Andres Island belong to Colombia. 
EtymologyThe specific name similis is Latin meaning ‘‘like.’’ The name probably refers to the resemblance of this species to some other Ctenosaura species recognized by Gray (1831, In Gray, 1830–1831).
 
References
  • Aguilar-López JL, Luría-Manzano R, Pineda E, Canseco-Márquez L 2021. Selva Zoque, Mexico: an important Mesoamerican tropical region for reptile species diversity and conservation. ZooKeys 1054: 127-153 - get paper here
  • Ahl, E. 1940. Über eine Sammlung von Reptilien aus El Salvador. Sitzungsber. Ges. naturf. Freunde Berlin 1940: 245-248
  • Alberts, A.C.; Carter, R.L.; Hayes, W.K. & Martins, E.P. (eds.) 2004. Iguanas - Biology and Conservation. University of California Press, 356 pp. - get paper here
  • Avilés-Novelo, J R; Nahuat-Cervera, P E; Guerrero, L & Cedeño-Vázquez, J R; 2019. Ctenosaura similis (Black Iguana) Diet. Herpetological Review 50 (3): 571-572 - get paper here
  • Badillo-Saldaña, L.M., Pineda, E. & Ramírez-Bautista, A. 2024. From tropical forest to agroecosystems: changes in functional and species diversity of lizards in Mexican Caribbean. Agroforest Syst (2024) - get paper here
  • Bailey, J. W. 1928. A revision of the lizards of the genus Ctenosaura. Proc. US Natl. Mus. 73 (2733): 1-55. - get paper here
  • Barbour, T. and B. Shreve. 1934. A new race of rock iguana. Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 8: 197-198
  • Barbour,T. & Loveridge,A. 1929. Amphibians and reptiles [of the Corn Islands, Nicaragua]. Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. Harvard 69: 138-146 - get paper here
  • Barrio-Amorós, César L. and Gilson Rivas-Fuenmayer. 2008. Spiny-tailed iguanas (Ctenosaura similis) in Venezuela: A preliminary report. Iguana 15 (3):160-161
  • Bocourt, M. E. 1873. In: A. Duméril, M. F. Bocourt, and F. Mocquard, (1870-1909), Etudes sur les reptiles, p. i-xiv; In Recherches Zoologiques pour servir a l'Histoire de Ia Faune de l'Amérique Centrale et du Mexique. Mission Scientifique au Mexique et dans l'Amérique Ce Imprimerie Impériale, Paris, Livr. 2-15, pp. 33-860. - get paper here
  • Brown, Tom W.; Adam C. Algar & Nahun Molina 2019. Die Echsen Ctenosaura similis (Iguanidae) und Hemidactylus frenatus (Gekkonidae) als Nahrung der Grünen Spitznatter Oxybelis fulgidus (Colubridae) auf der Insel Utila, Honduras . Predation of the lizards Ctenosaura similis (Iguanidae) and Hemidactyl Sauria 41 (2): 43-49 - get paper here
  • Buckley, L.J. et al. 2011. Iguanas of the world (Iguanidae; Iguaninae). IUCN ISG - get paper here
  • Buckley, Larry J.; Kevin de Queiroz, Tandora D. Grant, Bradford D. Hollingsworth, John B. Iverson (Chair, <br />Stesha A. Pasachnik, and Catherine L. Stephen (Iguana Taxonomy Working Group, ITWG 2016. A Checklist of the Iguanas of the World (Iguanidae; Iguaninae). Herp. Cons. Biol. 11 (Monograph 6) - get paper here
  • Burger, J. & M. Gochfeld 1991. Burrow Site Selection by Black Iguana (Ctenosaura similis) at Palo Verde, Costa Rica Journal of Herpetology 25 (4): 430-435. - get paper here
  • Burger, J. & M. Gochfeld 1993. The importance of the human face in risk perception by black iguanas, Ctenosaura similis Journal of Herpetology 27 (4): 426-430. - get paper here
  • Campbell, J.A. 1998. Amphibians and reptiles of northern Guatemala, the Yucatán, and Belize. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, xiii + 380 pp. - get paper here
  • Casas-Andreu, G., F.R. Méndez-De la Cruz and X. Aguilar-Miguel. 2004. Anfibios y Reptiles; pp. 375–390, in A.J.M. García-Mendoza, J. Ordoñez and M. Briones-Salas (ed.). Biodiversidad de Oaxaca. Instituto de Biología, UNAM-Fondo Oaxaqueño para la Conservación de la Naturaleza-World Wildlife Fund, México, D. F.
  • Cedeño-Vàzquez, J. Rogelio and Pablo M. Beutelspacher-Garcìa. 2016. Ctenosaura similis (Black Iguana) Diet. Herpetological Review 47 (2): 297 - get paper here
  • Charruau, Pierre; Aníbal H. Díaz de la Vega Pérez, and Fausto R. Méndez de la Cruz 2015. Reptiles of Banco Chinchorro: Updated List, Life History Data, and Conservation [Quintana Roo, Mexico] Southwestern Naturalist 60(4):299-312 - get paper here
  • Charruau, Pierre; José G. Pérez-Juárez, Marlin Medina, Fausto R. Méndez de la Cruz, Jonathan Pérez-Flores 2020. Bacterial flora of wild black (Ctenosaura similis Gray, 1831) and green (Iguana iguana Linnaeus, 1758) iguanas from a Mexican Caribbean atoll. Herpetology Notes 13: 369-376 - get paper here
  • Cooper Jr., W.E. 2005. Duration of movement as a lizard foraging movement variable. Herpetologica 61 (4): 363-372 - get paper here
  • Cope, E.D. 1886. On the species of Iguaninae. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 23 (122): 261-271 - get paper here
  • de Queiroz K 1995. Checklist and key to the extant species of Mexican iguanas (Reptilia: Iguaninae). Publ. Esp. Mus. Zool. Univ. Nac. Autón. México 9: 1-48
  • Diener, E. 2007. Die Erdspitznatter Oxybelis aeneus und die Lianennatter Leptophis mexicanus als Prädatoren der Schwarzleguane Ctenosaura similis und C. bakeri. Elaphe 15 (3): 59-62
  • Dion, Kristyn and Louis W. Porras. 2014. Ctenosaura similis. Diet. Mesoamerican Herpetology 1 (1): 157-158 - get paper here
  • Dirksen, L. 2004. Beobachtung eines Paarungsversuchs zwischen einem Hybrid-Männchen (Ctenosaura bakeri x similis) mit einem Iguana iguana-Weibchen. Iguana Rundschreiben 17 (2): 15-17
  • Eisenberg, T. 2000. Herpetologische Reiseeindrücke aus Costa Rica. Reptilia (Münster) 5 (23): 40-45 - get paper here
  • Etheridge,R. 1982. Checklist of the Iguanine and Malagasy Iguanid Lizards. In: Burghardt,G.M. & Rand, A.S., eds., Iguanas of the World. Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, pp. 7-37
  • Farallo, Vincent R.; Mahmood Sasa, Dennis K. Wasko, and Michael R. J. Forstner 2010. Reduced foraging in the presence of predator cues by the Black Spiny-tailed Iguana, Ctenosaura similis (Sauria: Iguanidae). Phyllomedusa 9 (2): 109-119 - get paper here
  • Fenske, R. 1999. Beobachtungen im Iguana Park bei Orotina, Costa Rica. Sauria 21 (1): 39-42 - get paper here
  • FIELDSEND, T. W., AND K. L. KRYSKO 2020. Geographic Distribution: Ctenosaura similis (Gray’s Spiny-Tailed Iguana). USA: Florida: Pinellas Co. Herpetological Review 51: 76.
  • Fitch, H. S. & Robert W, Henderson 1978. Ecology and Exploitation of Ctenosaura similis. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 51 (15): 483-500 - get paper here
  • Fitch, Henry S. 1973. Population structure and survivorship in some Costa Rican lizards. Occ. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas 18: 1-41 - get paper here
  • Fitch, Henry S. 1977. Age and sex differences in the ctenosaur (Ctenosaura similis). Milwaukee Public Museum Contributions in Biology and Geology (11): 1-11 - get paper here
  • Franzen,M. 1986. Herpetologische Beobachtungen im Santa Rosa-Nationalpark, Costa Rica. Herpetofauna 8 (41): 24-33 - get paper here
  • FURNESS, ANDREW I. 2021. Intertidal beach foraging by Black Spiny-tailed Iguanas (Ctenosaura similis) and Green Iguanas (Iguana iguana) in southern Florida. Reptiles & Amphibians 28(3): 447–452. - get paper here
  • FURNESS, ANDREW. 2021. A nonnative Black Spiny-tailed Iguana, Ctenosaura similis (Squamata: Iguanidae), preying on a native Eastern Gray Squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis (Mammalia: Sciuridae), in southern Florida. Reptiles & Amphibians 28(3): 444–446. - get paper here
  • García-Padilla, E., Mata-Silva, V., Villalobos-Juárez, I., López-Esquivel, E. A., Lavariega, M. C., Rocha, A., DeSantis, D. L., Melgar-Martínez, A. I., Johnson, J. D., Fucsko, L. A., Lazcano, D., & Wilson, L. D. 2022. Anfibios y reptiles de la región de los Chimalapas, Istmo de Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, México:: composición, categorización distribucional, estado de conservación y significado para la biodiversidad. Biología Y Sociedad, 5(10), 37–76 - get paper here
  • García-Rosales A, Arriaga-Noguez A, Ramírez-Bautista A. 2020. Natural history of the black iguana Ctenosaura similis (Squamata: Iguanidae) in isla Contoy, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Acta Biol Colomb. 25(3):394-402 - get paper here
  • Gibbons, Whit; Judy Greene, and Tony Mills 2009. LIZARDS AND CROCODILIANS OF THE SOUTHEAST. University of Georgia Press, 240 pp.
  • González-Sánchez, V. H., J. D. Johnson, E. García-Padilla, V. Mata-Silva, D. L. DeSantis and L. D. Wilson. 2017. The Herpetofauna of the Mexican Yucatan Peninsula: composition, distribution, and conservation status. Mesoamerican Herpetology 4(2): 264–380 - get paper here
  • Gray, J. E. 1831. A synopsis of the species of Class Reptilia. In: Griffith, E & E. Pidgeon: The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organisation by the Baron Cuvier with additional descriptions of all the species hither named, and of many before noticed [V Whittaker, Treacher and Co., London: 481 + 110 pp. [1830] - get paper here
  • Günther, A. C. L. G. 1885. Reptilia and Batrachia. Biologia Centrali-Américana. Taylor, & Francis, London, 326 pp. [published in parts from 1885-1902; reprint by the SSAR 1987] - get paper here
  • Gutsche, A. & Köhler, G. 2004. A fertile hybrid between Ctenosaura similis (GRAY 1831) and C. bakeri STEJNEGER 1901 (Squamata: Iguanidae) on Isla de Utila, Honduras. Salamandra 40 (3-4): 201-206 - get paper here
  • Gutsche, Alexander; Frank Köhler 2008. Phylogeography and hybridization in Ctenosaura species (Sauria, Iguanidae) from Caribbean Honduras: insights from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. Zoosystematics and Evolution 84 (2): 245-253 - get paper here
  • Hedges SB, Powell R, Henderson RW, Hanson S, and Murphy JC 2019. Definition of the Caribbean Islands biogeographic region, with checklist and recommendations for standardized common names of amphibians and reptiles. Caribbean Herpetology 67: 1–53
  • Heimes, P. 2022. LIZARDS OF MEXICO - Part 1 Iguanian lizards. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt Am Main, 448 pp.
  • Henderson, C.L. 2010. Mammals, Amphibians, and Reptiles of Costa Rica - A field guide. University of Texas Press, Austin, 198 pp.
  • Henderson, R. W., & FITCH, H. S. 1978. Dragons: 25 c/lb. Animal Kingdom 81(1): 12-17.
  • Henderson, Robert W. 1973. Ethoecological Observations of Ctenosaura similis (Sauria: Iguanidae) in British Honduras. Journal of Herpetology 7 (1): 27-33 - get paper here
  • Janzen, F.J. & E.D. Brodie III 1995. Visually-oriented Foraging in a Natural Population of Herbivorous Lizards (Ctenosaura similis) Journal of Herpetology 29 (1): 132-136. - get paper here
  • Johnson, Jerry D.; Vicente Mata-Silva, Elí García Padilla, and Larry David Wilson 2015. The Herpetofauna of Chiapas, Mexico: composition, distribution, and conservation. Mesoamerican Herpetology 2 (3): 272–329. - get paper here
  • Johnson, Scott 2018. Black Spiny-tailed Iguana (Ctenosaura similis) on New Providence Island, The Bahamas. IRCF Reptiles & Amphibians 25 (3): 212–213 - get paper here
  • Köhler, G. 1991. Ctenosaura similis (GRAY, 1831). Sauria 13 Suppl.: 193–196 - get paper here
  • Köhler, G. 2000. Reptilien und Amphibien Mittelamerikas, Bd 1: Krokodile, Schildkröten, Echsen. Herpeton Verlag, Offenbach, 158 pp.
  • Köhler, G. 2008. Reptiles of Central America. 2nd Ed. Herpeton-Verlag, 400 pp.
  • Köhler, G. and B. STREIT. 1996. Notes on the systematic status of the taxa acanthura, pectinata, and similis of the genus Ctenosaura (Reptilia: Sauria: Iguanidae). Senckenbergiana biologica 75 (1/2):33-43.
  • Köhler, G.; W. Schroth & B. Streit 2000. Systematics of the Ctenosaura group of lizards (Reptilia: Sauria: Iguanidae). Amphibia-Reptilia 21 (2): 177-191 - get paper here
  • Köhler, Gunther, Fabian Schmidt, Roxane Schröter and Rahel Siemer. 1999. Untersuchungen zur Variation mehrerer Reptilienarten aus El Salvador unter Berücksichtigung der Verwendbarkeit von Pholidosemerkmalen zur individuellen Wiedererkennung. Salamandra 35 (4): 227-242 - get paper here
  • Köhler,G. & Blinn,E. 2000. Natürliche Bastardierung zwischen Ctenosaura bakeri und Ctenosaura similis auf UItila, Honduras. Salamandra 36 (1): 77-79 - get paper here
  • Koller, Rene 2005. Herpetologoische waarnemingen in Belize, deel 2: reptielen. Lacerta 63 (1): 4-19 - get paper here
  • Köhler, G. 1995. Die Lokalnamen der Leguane der Gattung Ctenosaura Wiegmann,. Sauria 17 (2): 11-12 - get paper here
  • Krysko, K.K.; Enge, K.M.; Donlan, E.M.; Golden, E.Z.; Burgess, J.P. & Larson, K.W. 2009. THE NON-MARINE HERPETOFAUNA OF KEY BISCAYNE, FLORIDA. Herp. Cons. Biol. 5 (1):132-142 - get paper here
  • Lee, J. C. 2000. A field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of the Maya world. Cornell University Press, Ithaca,
  • Lee, J.C. 1996. The amphibians and reptiles of the Yucatán Peninsula. Comstock, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 500 pp.
  • LÓPEZ, LUCÍA I. & JOSÉ MANUEL MORA. 2021. The Consumption of Dead Incilius luetkenii (Anura: Buffonidae) by Ctenosaura similis (Squamata: Iguanidae). Jordan Journal of Natural History 8(2): 20–24. - get paper here
  • Malone, Catherine L.; Víctor Hugo Reynoso, Larry Buckley 2017. Never judge an iguana by its spines: Systematics of the Yucatan spiny tailed iguana, Ctenosaura defensor (Cope, 1866). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 115: 27-39 - get paper here
  • Maryon, Daisy; Tom W. Brown, and David C. Lee 2020. Love thy neighbor: Predation of a Utila Spiny-tailed Iguana (Ctenosaura bakeri) by a Common Spiny-tailed Iguana (C. similis) on Utila Island, Honduras IRCF Reptiles & Amphibians 27 (1): 84–86 - get paper here
  • Mata-Silva, Vicente, Jerry D. Johnson, Larry David Wilson and Elí García-Padilla. 2015. The herpetofauna of Oaxaca, Mexico: composition, physiographic distribution, and conservation status. Mesoamerican Herpetology 2 (1): 6–62 - get paper here
  • McCranie, James R. 2015. A checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Honduras, with additions, comments on taxonomy, some recent taxonomic decisions, and areas of further studies needed. Zootaxa 3931 (3): 352–386 - get paper here
  • McCranie, James R. 2018. The Lizards, Crocodiles, and Turtles of Honduras. Systematics, Distribution, and Conservation. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Special Publication Series (2): 1- 666 - get paper here
  • McCranie, James R., and Alexander Gutsche 2016. The herpetofauna of islands in the Golfo de Fonseca and adjacent waters, Honduras. Mesoamerican Herpetology 3 (4): 842–899 - get paper here
  • McNish, T. 2011. La fauna del archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina, Colombia, Sudamérica. Colomba Andina de Impresos, ISBN 978-958-99518-1-1
  • Mendelson, Joseph R., III and Kelly, Alison M. 2016. Geographic Distribution: Ctenosaura similis (Gray's Spiny-tailed Iguana). Herpetological Review 47 (4): 628 - get paper here
  • Mertens, R. 1952. Die Amphibien und Reptilien von El Salvador. Abh. senckenb. naturf. Ges. (Frankfurt) (No. 487): 120 pp.
  • Meshaka Jr., Walter E. 2011. A RUNAWAY TRAIN IN THE MAKING: THE EXOTIC AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES, TURTLES, AND CROCODILIANS OF FLORIDA. Herp. Cons. Biol. 6 (Monograph 1): 1-101 - get paper here
  • Mora, José M., Flávio H. G. Rodrigues, Lucia I. López and Luis D. Alfaro. 2015. Ctenosaura similis. Cannibalism. Mesoamerican Herpetology 2 (1): 107–109 - get paper here
  • MORA, JOSÉ MANUEL. 2021. Segregación de hábitat de individuos adultos y juveniles del garrobo Ctenosaura similis en el parque nacional Santa Rosa, Guanacasta, Costa Rica. Revista Latinoamericana de Herpetología 4(1): 26–34. - get paper here
  • Naccarato, Andrea M.; Jan B. Dejarnette, and Phil Allman 2015. Successful Establishment of a Non-Native Species after an Apparent Single Introduction Event: Investigating ND4 Variability in Introduced Black Spiny-Tailed Iguanas (Ctenosaura similis) in Southwestern Florida. Journal of Herpetology Jun 2015, Vol. 49, No. 2: 230-236. - get paper here
  • Nahuat-Cervera, Pedro Enrique 2020. Amphibians and reptiles of the Hobonil Educative Center, Tzucacab, Yucatán, Mexico. Rev. Latinoamer. Herp. 3 (1): 53-65 - get paper here
  • Neill, Wilfred T. and E. Ross Allen. 1959. Studies on the amphibians and reptiles of British Honduras. Publications of the Research Division Ross Allen's Reptiles Institute. 2 (1): 1-76
  • Nemuras, K. 1967. Notes on the Herpetology of Panama: Part 3. Bull. Maryland Herp. Soc. 3 (2): 31-40 - get paper here
  • Ortiz-Lachica, F., S. Moreno-López, E. García-Padilla, V. Mata-Silva, and L. D. Wilson. 2017. Ctenosaura similis (Gray, 1830). Predation. Mesoamerican Herpetology 4(3): 630–631 - get paper here
  • Quinones, Brittany; Zachary Patton, Jessica Murgatroyd, Sara Hamilton, Sarah Moses, Adriel Herrera, Elvis Hernandez, Christian Alessandro Perez, Andres Vega, Gad Perry, and Kerry L. Griffis-Kyle 2019. The adventure of a lifetime: Getting friendly with Costa Rican herps. IRCF 26 (1): 85–97 - get paper here
  • RIVAS, GILSON A.; CÉSAR R. MOLINA, GABRIEL N. UGUETO, TITO R. BARROS, CÉSAR L. BAR- RIO-AMORÓS & PHILIPPE J. R. KOK 2012. Reptiles of Venezuela: an updated and commented checklist. Zootaxa 3211: 1–64 - get paper here
  • Rogner, M. 2019. Die Schwarzen Leguane (Ctenosaura similis) von Chichén Itzá und Tulum (Yucatán, Mexiko). Reptilia (Münster) 24 (136): 58-62 - get paper here
  • Savage, J.M. 2002. The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica: A Herpetofauna Between Two Continents, Between Two Seas. University of Chicago Press, 934 pp. [review in Copeia 2003 (1): 205]
  • Schulte, U. 2007. Beobachtungen zur Hybridisierung zwischen Ctenosaura similis (GRAY 1831) und Ctenosaura bakeri STEJNEGER 1901 auf Utila, Honduras. Elaphe 15 (1): 55-59
  • Schwartz, A. & Henderson, R.W. 1991. Amphibians and Reptiles of the West Indies. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, 720 pp.
  • Scott Jr., N.J. & Limerick, S. 1983. Reptiles and Amhibians. In: Janzen, D.H. (ed.) Costa Rican Natural History. Univeristy of Chicago Press, pp. 351-
  • Smith, H.M. 1935. Miscellaneous notes on Mexican lizards. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 22: 119-156 - get paper here
  • Smith, Hobart M. 1944. Additions to the list of Mexican amphibians and reptiles in the Carnegie Museum. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 30: 87-92
  • Solís, J. M., L. D. Wilson, and J. H. Townsend. 2014. An updated list of the amphibians and reptiles of Honduras, with comments on their nomenclature. Mesoamerican Herpetology 1: 123–144 - get paper here
  • STILING, P. 1989. Exotics: Biological invasions. Florida Wildlife, Tallahassee; 43 (5): 13-16
  • Stroud, James T. and Kenneth L. Krysko. 2013. Ctenosaura similis (Gray's spiny-tailed iguana) non-native diet. Herpetological Review 44 (2): 322 - get paper here
  • Stuart, L. C. 1935. A contribution to a knowledge of the herpetology of a portion of the savanna region of Central Peten, Guatemala. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology Miscellaneous Publications 29: 1-56 - get paper here
  • Stuart, L. C. 1937. Some further notes on the amphibians and reptiles of the Peten Forest of Northern Guatemala. Copeia 1937 (1): 67-70 - get paper here
  • Stuart, L.C. 1963. A checklist of the herpetofauna of Guatemala. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan (No. 122): 1-150 - get paper here
  • Sunyer, J., K.E. Nicholson, J.G. Phillips, J.A.Gubler, and L.A. Obando 2013. Lizards (Reptilia: Squamata) of the Corn Islands, Caribbean Nicaragua. Check List 9: 1383–1390 - get paper here
  • Sunyer, Javier 2014. An updated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Nicaragua. Mesoamerican Herpetology 1 (2): 186–202. - get paper here
  • Sunyer, Javier & José́ Gabriel Martínez-Fonseca 2023. An updated country checklist to the amphibians and reptiles of Nicaragua. REVISTA NICARAGÜENSE DE BIODIVERSIDAD (100): 1-25 - get paper here
  • Taylor, E. H. 1956. A review of the lizards of Costa Rica. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 38 (part 1): 3-322 - get paper here
  • Torres-Carvajal, O. 2007. Heterogeneous Growth of Marginal Teeth in the Black Iguana Ctenosaura similis (Squamata: Iguania) Journal of Herpetology 41 (3): 528-531. - get paper here
  • Townsend, Josiah H., Kenneth L. Krysko and Kevin M. Enge 2003. The identity of spiny-tailed iguanas, Ctenosaura, introduced to Florida, USA (Squamata: Sauria: Iguanidae). Herpetozoa 16 (1/2):67-72 - get paper here
  • Tuns, J. 2007. De Zwarte Leguaan, Ctenosaura similis. Lacerta 65 (1): 32-39 - get paper here
  • Unger, Shem D.; Caleb Hickman, and Kevin Murray 2018. The use of a hand-held smartphone device for non-invasive thermal observations of the Black Spiny-tailed Iguana (Ctenosaura similis) in Panama. . IRCF Reptiles & Amphibians 25 (1): 86–88 - get paper here
  • Urbansky, D. 2015. Leben in Ruinen. Iguana 28 (2): 28-32
  • Valdivieso, D. & J.R. Tamsitt 1963. A Check List and Key to the Amphibian and Reptiles of Providencia and San Andres. Carib. J. Sci. 3 (2/3): 77-79 - get paper here
  • Wartenberg, L. 2013. Bedrohung und Schutz der Schwarzleguane (Ctenosaura). Iguana 26 (2): 20-33
  • Wilson, L. D., & HAHN, D. E. 1973. The herpetofauna of the Islas de la Bahía, Honduras. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum 17: 93-150. - get paper here
 
External links  
Is it interesting? Share with others:


Please submit feedback about this entry to the curator