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Phrynops tuberosus (PETERS, 1870)

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Higher TaxaChelidae, Chelinae, Pleurodira, Testudines (turtles)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Cotinga River Toadhead Turtle
Portuguese: Cágado, Cágado-de-Barbicha, Cágado-Rajado, Cangapara 
SynonymPlatemys tuberosa PETERS 1870
Hydraspis tuberosa — BOULENGER 1889
Phrynops tuberosa — MERTENS et al. 1934
Phrynops geoffroana tuberosa — MÜLLER 1939
Phrynops geoffroanus tuberosus — DUELLMAN 1978: 193
Phrynops tuberosus — DAVID 1994
Phrynops tuberosa — MCCORD et al. 2001
Phrynops tuberosus — MCCORD & JOSEPH-OUNI 2002
Phrynops tuberosus — SOUZA 2004
Phrynops geoffroanus tuberosus — PHILIPPEN 2012
Phrynops tuberosus — TTWG 2021 
DistributionSW/E Venezuela, SE Colombia, E Peru, SW/E Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Ceará, Pernambuco),
N Bolivia, NE Argentina, Guyana ?

Type locality: “Cotingaflusse am Roraimagebirge in Britisch-Guiana” [Guyana]  
Reproduction 
TypesHolotype: ZMB 166 
Diagnosis 
CommentFor a color illustration and distribution map see MCCORD & JOSEPH-OUNI 2002.

Distribution: Distribution not updated for elevation to species status. Not in Paraguay (fide Cacciali et al. 2016) nor in Ecuador (O. Torres-Carvajal, pers. comm. 8 Sep 2016.)

Habitat: freshwater (rivers) 
EtymologyThe genus was named after Greek phrynos = a species of toad and ops = eye, face, can also mean appearance, hence 'toad-like', an allusion to the broad head, a deeply split mouth and almost no neck (Gotch 1986). 
References
  • Bonin, F., Devaux, B. & Dupré, A. 2006. Turtles of the World. English translation by P.C.H. Pritchard. Johns Hopkins University Press, 416 pp.
  • Boulenger, G.A. 1889. Catalogue of the chelonians, rhynchocephalians, and crocodiles in the British Museum (Natural History). British Museum, London, 311 pp.
  • Bour, R. 2008. Global diversity of turtles (Chelonii; Reptilia) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia 595:593–598 - get paper here
  • Coelho, Rafael Damasceno Fernandes, Kariny De Souza, Elizabete Karlla Mota Rios Santos, Iara Alves Novelli and Leonardo Barros Ribeiro. 2014. Phrynops tuberosus (Peters' side-necked turtle) hatchling size. Herpetological Review 45 (3): 485-486 - get paper here
  • Cole, Charles J.; Carol R. Townsend, Robert P. Reynolds, Ross D. MacCulloch, and Amy Lathrop 2013. Amphibians and reptiles of Guyana, South America: illustrated keys, annotated species accounts, and a biogeographic synopsis. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 125 (4): 317-578; plates: 580-620 - get paper here
  • David, Patrick 1994. Liste des reptiles actuels du monde. I. Chelonii. Dumerilia 1: 7-127
  • Duellman, W. E. 1978. The biology of an equatorial herpetofauna in Amazonian Ecuador. Misc. Publ. Univ. Kans. Mus. Nat. Hist. 65: 1-352 - get paper here
  • Fernandes-Ferreira, Hugo; Sanjay Veiga Mendonça, Rono Lima Cruz, Diva Maria Borges-Nojosa, and <br />Rômulo Romeu Nóbrega Alves 2013. Hunting of Herpetofauna in Montane, Coastal and Dryland Areas of Northeastern Brazil. Herp. Cons. Biol. 8 (3) - get paper here
  • Freitas, Marco Antonio de; Arthur Diesel Abegg, Daniel da Silva Araújo, Hugo Estevam de Almeida Coelho, Weverton dos Santos Azevedo, Márcio Frazão Chaves, Geraldo Jorge Barbosa de Moura 2019. Herpetofauna of five "Brejos de Altitude" of the interior of the state of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil. Herpetology Notes 12: 591-602 - get paper here
  • Gonzalez R. C. et al. 2020. Lista dos Nomes Populares dos Répteis no Brasil – Primeira Versão. Herpetologia Brasileira 9 (2): 121 – 214 - get paper here
  • Gotch, A. F. 1986. Reptiles - Their Latin Names Explained. Blndford Press, 176 pp.
  • McCord, W. P., Joseph-Ouni, M.i & W. W. Lamar 2001. A taxonomic reevaluation of Phrynops (Testudines: Chelidae) with the description of two new genera and a new species of Batrachemys. Revista de Biologia Tropical 49 (2): 715-764 - get paper here
  • McCord, W.P. & Joseph-Ouni, M. 2002. Chelonian illustrations #1: South American Toadhead Turtles. Reptilia (GB) (21): 34-38 - get paper here
  • Melo, Íris Virgínea; Geraldo Jorge Barbosa de Moura, Marco Antonio de Freitas, Edson Victor Euclides de Andrade, Cláudio Casal, Arthur Diesel Abegg, Marcelo Nogueira de Carvalho Kakubum 2018. New additions to herpetofauna of the Parque Estadual Dois Irmãos, an urban Atlantic Rainforest Fragment, Recife municipality, Pernambuco state, northeastern Brazil. Herpetology Notes 11: 245-254 - get paper here
  • MOTA RODRIGUES, JOÃO FABRÍCIO and JOSÉ ROBERTO FEITOSA SILVA 2013. PHRYNOPS TUBEROSUS (NCN): DEFENSIVE BEHAVIOUR. Herpetological Bulletin (124) - get paper here
  • Neco, Eudécio Carvalho, Tainá Sherlakyann Alves Pessoa, Paulo Guilherme Carniel Wagner, Randolpho Goncalves Dias-Terceiro, Renata Goncalves Ferreira and Washington Luiz Silva Vieira. 2015. Phrynops tuberosus (Cotinga River toad-headed turtle) predation. Herpetological Review 46 (4): 619 - get paper here
  • Peters, Wilhem Carl Hartwig 1870. Über Platemys tuberosa, eine neue Art von Schildkröte aus British-Guiana. Monatsber. königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin. 1870 (Mai): 311-313 - get paper here
  • Philippen, H. - D. 2012. Phrynops. Die Gattung der Krötenkopfschildkröten. Reptilia (Münster) 17 (98): 42-48 - get paper here
  • RIVAS, GILSON A.; CÉSAR R. MOLINA, GABRIEL N. UGUETO, TITO R. BARROS, CÉSAR L. BAR- RIO-AMORÓS & PHILIPPE J. R. KOK 2012. Reptiles of Venezuela: an updated and commented checklist. Zootaxa 3211: 1–64 - get paper here
  • Rodrigues, João F.M.; Diego de Oliveira Soares, José R.F. Silva 2014. Sexing freshwater turtles: penile eversion in Phrynops tuberosus (Testudines: Chelidae). Acta Herpetologica 9 (2): 259-263
  • Rodrigues, Joao Fabricio Mota and José Roberto Feitosa Silva. 2013. Phrynops tuberosus (Cotinga River toad-headed turtle) bifid tail. Herpetological Review 44 (2): 308-309 - get paper here
  • Souza, Franco L. 2004. Uma revisão sobre padrões de atividade, reprodução e alimentação de cágados brasileiros (Testudines, Chelidae) [A review on activity patterns, reproduction, and feeding habits in Brazilian chelid turtles (Testudines, Chelidae)]. Phyllomedusa 3 (1): 15-28 - get paper here
  • TTWG; Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., Bour, R., Fritz, U., Georges, A., Shaffer, H.B., and van Dijk, P.P. 2021. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (9th Ed.). In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., van Dijk, P.P., Stanford, C.B., Goode, E.V., Buhlmann, K.A., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.). Chelonian Research Monographs 8:1–472. doi:10.3854/crm.8.checklist.atlas.v9.2021. - get paper here
 
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