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Erythrolamprus reginae (LINNAEUS, 1758)

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Higher TaxaColubridae (Dipsadinae), Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Royal Ground Snake
Portuguese: Cobra-D’água, Cobra-Verde, Jabutuboia, Jararaquinha, Parelheira 
SynonymColuber Reginae LINNAEUS 1758: 219
Coluber graphicus SHAW 1802: 474
Natrix reginae — MERREM 1820
Natrix semilineata WAGLER 1824: 33
Liophis reginae — WAGLER 1830
Coronella reginae — SCHLEGEL 1837: 61
Liophis reginae — DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL 1854: 704
Liophis reginae var. quadrilineata JAN 1863: 295
Liophis reginae var. quadrilineata — JAN 1866
Liophis reginae var. ornata JAN 1863: 295
Liophis wagleri JAN 1863: 297 (part.)
Leimadophis reginae — BEEBE 1946: 29
Leimadophis reginae — PETERS 1960
Leimadophis reginae reginae — HOGE 1964: 57
Leimadophis reginae reginae — PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970: 148
Leimadophis reginae — DUELLMAN 1978: 246
Leimadophis reginae — GASC & RODRIGUES 1980
Liophis reginae reginae — DIXON 1980: 24
Liophis reginae semilineatus — DIXON 1983: 3 (part.)
Liophis poecilogyrus intermedius — VANZOLINI 1986
Leimadophis reginae — MEHRTENS 1987: 194
Liophis miliaris intermedius HENLE & EHRL 1991 (fide DIXON & TIPTON 2003
Leimadophis reginae — SHINE 1994
Liophis reginae — LEYNAUD & BUCHER 1999: 23
Liophis reginae semilineatus — KORNACKER 1999
Liophis reginae semilineatus — FROTA et al. 2005
Liophis reginae — BERNILS et al. 2007
Erythrolamprus reginae — GRAZZIOTIN et al. 2012
Liophis reginae — BERNARDE et al. 2012
Liophis reginae — CATENAZZI et al. 2013
Liophis reginae — COLE et al. 2013
Liophis reginae — WALLACH et al. 2014: 385 (part.)
Erythrolamprus reginae semilineata — SANTOS-COSTA et al. 2015
Erythrolamprus reginae reginae — ASCENSO et al. 2019
Erythrolamprus reginae semilineatus — MARQUES et al. 2016
Erythrolampus reginae — RABOSKY et al. 2019 (in error)
Erythrolamprus reginae — NOGUEIRA et al. 2019
Erythrolamprus reginae — TORRES-CARVAJAL & HINOJOSA 2020
Erythrolampus reginae — JORGE et al. 2022 (in error) 
DistributionEcuador (Amazonas), Colombia, Venezuela (e.g. Falcon [HR 30: 115], Amazonas), French Guiana, Brazil (Goias, Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Para, Rio Grande do Sul, Bahia, S Ceará, Piauí, Sergipe), Peru (Pasco etc.), Bolivia (Beni), Trinidad, N Guyana, Paraguay

reginae: Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana.

semilineatus: Amazonian Ecuador, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Venezuela, Brazil (including Atlanlic Forest, Pará)

Type locality: “Indiis”; restricted to Suriname by DIXON 1983.  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesLectotype: NRM 44 (also given as RMS), Paralectotype: NRM 45, juvenile specimen, designated by Andersson (1899).
Lectotype: ZSM 1832/0/1 (ZSM H 1832/0 A in Hoogmoed & Gruber 1983), male [semilineata]
Holotype: BMNH 1946.1.5.73 [graphicus]
Holotype: ZFMK 34343, Paratypes: ZFMK 33346, 33350 (juv.) [intermedius] 
DiagnosisDiagnosis: Erythrolamprus reginae can be distinguished from all congeners by unique combination of the following characters: (1) dorsal scales rows 17, reducing to 15 after midbody; (2) apical pit single; (3) ventrals 125–164 in females, 131–162 in males; (4) subcaudals 54–96 in females, 56–84 in males; (5) dorsum of head olive green, in preservative, extending from anterior third of body, changing gradually to grayish-brown at midbody; (6) upper edges of supralabials with distinctive dark postorbital stripe; (7) belly creamish-white with black spots with squared or rhomboid shape arranged in a checkered pattern; (8) black lateral spots extending from anterior third of the body, between 2–3th dorsal scale rows, to form a lateral stripe extending until the end of the tail; (9) ventral
surface of tail creamish-white without black spots; (10) intrasulcal region of hemipenial body with spines slightly elongated, arranged in a row extending from distal region of lobes to the level of bifurcation of sulcus spermaticus; (11) medial region of hemipenial body, on the asulcate side, ornamented by spinules homogeneously distributed, or elongated spines arranged in one or three longitudinal rows; (12) sulcus spermaticus bifurcates at half length of the hemipenial body; and (13) moderate body size (SVL 87–709 mm) [from Ascenso et al. 2019]


Additional details (2882 characters) are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentSynonymy partly after PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970. L. r. zweifeli has been confused with Liophis miliaris (see Kornacker et al. 2002). WALLACH et al. 2014 list Leimadophis reginae macrosoma and Natrix semilineata as synonyms of Liophis reginae. Dixon 1983 placed Erythrolamprus oligolepis in the synonymy of Liophis reginae semilineata but CUNHA & NASCIMENTO 1993 revalidated it as Leimadophis oligolepis. Ascenso et al. 2019 synonymized E. r. semilineatus with E. reginae. Dixon (1983) confirmed that the holotype of Coluber violaceus Lacépède 1789 was lost, and maintained the synonimization with E. reginae proposed by Günther (1858). However, Ascenso et al. 2019 propose removing C. violaceus from the synonymy of Erythrolamprus reginae, based on the incongruence between the description of E. reginae and that performed by Lacépède (1789) (25 subcaudal scales in C. violaceus vs. 62 in E. reginae). Thus, they propose that the status nomen dubium is be applied to C. violaceus, until a further investigation clarify the identity of this taxon.

Abundance: apparently known from only 2 specimens (Entiauspe-Neto et al. 2021).

Distribution: see map in Ascenso et al. 2019: 88 (Fig. 8). See map in Nogueira et al. 2019.

Subspecies: Erythrolamprus reginae zweifeli (ROZE 1959) and Erythrolamprus reginae macrosomus (AMARAL 1936) have been elevated to full species status.

Habitat: forest 
EtymologyNamed after Latin regina, reginae, queen; probably dedicated to the Swesish queen Lovisa Ulrika. (Esteban Lavilla, pers. comm., April 2024) 
References
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