Alopoglossus indigenorum RIBEIRO-JÚNIOR, SÁNCHEZ-MARTÍNEZ, MORAES, COSTA DE OLIVEIRA, CARVALHO, CHOUERI, WERNECK & MEIRI, 2021
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Alopoglossus indigenorum
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| Higher Taxa | Alopoglossidae, Sauria, Gymnophthalmoidea, Squamata (lizards) |
| Subspecies | |
| Common Names | |
| Synonym | Alopoglossus indigenorum RIBEIRO-JÚNIOR, SÁNCHEZ-MARTÍNEZ, MORAES, COSTA DE OLIVEIRA, CARVALHO, CHOUERI, WERNECK & MEIRI 2021 Alopoglossus angulatus — PANTOJA & FRAGA 2012: 362, |
| Distribution | Brazil (Amazonas) Type locality: Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Uacari, Carauari, Amazonas, Brazil (−5.79, −67.82) |
| Reproduction | |
| Types | Holotype. INPA-H 25543, adult male, collected in April 2007 by Fabiano W. S. Guimarães (Figures 9 and 10). Paratype. INPA-H 39953, adult male, collected on 16 July 2018 at Reserva Extrativista do Baixo Juruá, Juruá, Amazonas state, Brazil (−3.83, −66.08), by Leandro J. C. L. Moraes, Raíssa N. Rainha and Alan F. S. Oliveira. Other specimens: MPEG |
| Diagnosis | Diagnosis. Alopoglossus indigenorum sp. nov. is distinguished from all other species of Alopoglossus by the combination of the following characters: (1) non-granular, keeled, imbricate scales on medial and posterior sides of neck, varying from phylloid to mucronate with almost rounded posterior margins, in 11–15 transverse rows; (2) four pairs of chin shield scales; (3) laterally to the fourth pair of chin shields, two small scales separating the third pair of chin shields from gular scales, or even the third pair in short contact with gular scales; (4) scales along midventral gular region varying from smooth to feebly keeled, and from having irregular posterior margins, to mucronate or phylloid; (5) smooth scales on anterior temporal region; (6) smooth or feebly keeled distally scales on posterior temporal region; (7) smooth first supratemporal scale; (8) feebly keeled distally second supratemporal scale (smooth aspect), with an almost flat aspect, just slightly folding laterally toward the temporal region; (9) supratemporal scales in contact with each other, forming an evident, straight suture between them; (10) 25–28 total number of femoral pores in males. Alopoglossus indigenorum sp. nov. is also distinguished from other species of Alopoglossus by the combination of the following hemipenial characters: (11) no changes in the widening of the sulcus spermaticus; (12) sulcus spermaticus running in the frontal face of the base of the lobes; (13) sulcate face of the body totally covered by transversal flounces; (14) hemipenial body and base ornamented by 21–22 transversal flounces, covering almost the complete organ; (15) lobes with pointed distal ends; and (16) absence of hemipenial body distal expansion. Comparisons with other species. Alopoglossus indigenorum sp. nov. differs from A. atriventris, A. buckleyi, A. copii, A. embera, A. festae, A. lehmanni and A. viridiceps (in parentheses) in having non-granular, keeled, imbricate scales on medial and posterior sides of neck (vs. granular in A. atriventris and A. buckleyi; mostly granular in A. embera, A. festae, A. lehmanni and A. viridiceps; conical with apparent bare skin between conical scales in A. copii); it also differs from A. embera, A. festae and A. viridiceps in not having gulars arranged in two longitudinal rows (vs. a double longitudinal row of widened gular scales), and from A. lehmanni in having dorsal scales rhomboidal, in oblique rows (vs. dorsal scales hexagonal with parallel lateral edges, in transverse rows). From species of the A. angulatus group, A. indigenorum sp. nov. differs from A. andeanus, A. angulatus, A. avilapiresae, A. carinicaudatus, A. collii, A. tapajosensis sp. nov., and A. theodorusi in having four pairs of chin shields (vs. three pairs of chin shields; Figure 5b,c), and from species with four pairs of chin shields, A. indigenorum sp. nov. differs from A. amazonius, A. gansorum sp. nov., and A. meloi in having, laterally to the fourth pair of chin shields, two small scales separating the third pair of chin shields from gular scales, or even the third pair in short contact with gular scales (vs. two large well-developed scales separating the third pair of chin shields from gular scales; Figure 5a,b). Alopoglossus indigenorum sp. nov. also differs from A. gansorum sp. nov. in having supratemporal scales in contact with each other, forming an evident, straight suture between them (vs. supratemporal scales separated from each other by a temporal scale, or touching each other with acute contact margins; Figure 5d,e); from A. amazonius, and A. meloi in having smooth scales on anterior temporal region (vs. keeled), feebly keeled distally second supratemporal scale, with smooth aspect, slightly folding laterally toward the temporal region (vs. strongly keeled second supratemporal scale, clearly folding laterally toward the temporal region), and 25–28 total number of femoral pores in males (vs. 21–24 in A. amazonius; 20– 23 in A. meloi); it also differs from A. meloi in having smooth scales on midventral gular region, varying from almost rounded or irregular posterior margins, to mucronate or phylloid (vs. keeled, phylloid gular scales), and 11–15 transverse rows of scales on the sides of the neck (vs. 6–8). Based on hemipenial characters, A. indigenorum sp. nov. is distinguished from A. copii in having lobular base branched in two lobes (vs. lobular base not bifurcated), and an area without ornaments in the distal region of the lateral and asulcate faces (vs. ornamented distal areas in lateral and asulcate faces). Alopoglossus indigenorum sp. nov. differs from A. atriventris, A. buckleyi and A. festae in having sulcus spermaticus running in the frontal face of the base of the lobes (vs. sulcus spermaticus running in the medial faces of the lobes), absence of hemipenial body distal expansion (vs. presence of distal body expansion), lobes with pointed distal ends (vs. lobes with rounded distal ends), and 21–22 transversal flounces that cover almost the complete organ (vs. 25–30, in A. atriventris; 37 in A. buckleyi; 12 in A. festae); it also differs from A. atriventris and A. buckleyi in having an area without ornaments in the distal region of the lateral and asulcate faces (vs. ornamented distal areas in lateral and asulcate faces). Alopoglossus indigenorum sp. nov. differs from A. angulatus, A. avilapiresae, and A. gansorum sp. nov. in having a complete sulcate face covered with flounces (vs. a decreasing ornamented area on the sides of the sulcus spermaticus, in A. angulatus; a fine area parallel to the sulcus spermaticus without ornaments, in A. avilapiresae and A. gansorum sp. nov.), and 21–22 transversal flounces covering almost the complete organ (vs. 12–14, in A. angulatus; 16, in A. avilapiresae; 24, in A. gansorum sp. nov.); it also differs from A. gansorum sp. nov. in having a constant widening of the sulcus spermaticus (vs. a progressive widening of the sulcus spermaticus). Variation. Specimen INPA-H 39953 has the contact between frontoparietals forming a long suture, while INPA-H 30244 and MPEG 15991 have the contact between frontoparietals forming a short suture, and INPA-H 30243 and the holotype INPA-H 25543 have frontoparietals separated from each other by the contact between frontonasal and frontal. All specimens have supratemporals in contact with each other and forming a straight suture between them. Specimen INPA-H 30244 has first superciliary and first supraocular fused. Holotype INPA-H 25543 and specimen INPA-H 30244 have the third pair of chin shields completely separated from each other by two small scales, while all other specimens have the third pair of chin shields only separated by each other posteriorly, by one small scale; except by the holotype INPA-H 25543, with the fourth pair of chin shields completely separated from each other by two small scales, all other specimens have the fourth pair of chin shields only separated from each other posteriorly by 1–3 small scales; laterally to the fourth pair of chin shields, two small scales on each side separate the third pair of chin shields from the gular scales (specimen MPEG 15991 has the third pair of chin shields in direct contact with gular scales in one side, and separated from them by two small scales on the other side); scales of the fourth pair of chin shields and small scales laterally to them either in direct contact with gulars, or separated from them by small scales. All specimens have smooth scales along midventral gular region, with the anterior and medial ones feebly pointed distally; all specimens have smooth ventral scales, varying from almost straight to rounded. Preanal and femoral pores are absent in females; in males, total number of pores 25–28. Tables 3 and 4 present a summary of the variation in meristic characters and measurements, respectively. Table S2 presents a summary of the measurements in males and females. |
| Comment | |
| Etymology | The specific epithet in genitive plural refers to the indigenous people, native inhabitants of the region. In the occurrence area of the new species, there is the highest density of isolated indigenous people in the world, and estimates suggest they spoke about 30 different and unique languages. However, their isolation, culture, and languages are under threat of extinction due to dispossession of lands, loggers, animal traffickers, and discriminatory actions by recent political decisions in Brazil. |
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