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Archelaphe bella (STANLEY, 1917)

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Higher TaxaColubridae, Colubrinae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
SubspeciesArchelaphe bella bella (STANLEY 1917)
Archelaphe bella chapaensis (BOURRET 1934) 
Common NamesE: Bella Rat Snake
E: Burmese Rat Snake (leonardi)
G: Leonards Kletternatter (leonardi)
Chinese: 方花蛇 
SynonymCoronella bella STANLEY 1917
Coluber leonardi WALL 1921: 43
Coluber leonardi — WALL 1923: 467
Wallophis bella — WERNER 1929
Coronella bella — MELL 1931 [1929]
Elaphe porphyracea leonardi — ANGEL & BOURRET, 1933: 134
Coluber leonardi — RENDAHL 1937
Elaphe leonardi — SMITH 1943: 156
Oligodon bella — DING & ZHENG 1974
Oligodon bellus — ZHAO et al., 1977: 64
Elaphe leonardi — SCHULZ 1996
Wallophis bella — WELCH
Oligodon bellus — JIANG et al. 2006
Oligodon bellus — ZHAO 2006
Maculophis bella — BURBRINK & LAWSON 2007
Elaphe bella — NGUYEN et al. 2009
Archelaphe bella — SCHULZ et al. 2011
Archelaphe bellus — WALLACH et al. 2014: 54
Maculophis bella — ZAW 2020

Archelaphe bella chapaensis (BOURRET 1934)
Coluber leonardi chapaensis BOURRET 1934
Elaphe leonardi leonardi WALL 1921
Elaphe bella chapaensis — SCHULZ et al. 2000
Elaphe leonardi chapaensis — ORLOV et al. 2003
Maculophis bella chapaensis — ORLOV et al. 2010
Maculophis bellus chapaensis — DAS 2010: 285
Archelaphe bella chapaensis — SCHULZ et al. 2011 
DistributionChina (Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Sichuan, Yunnan), Myanmar (Burma: Kachin), Vietnam (Lao Cai, Lang Son, Bac Thai, Vinh Phuc, Ha Tinh), India (Nagaland)

leonardi: Myanmar (= Burma), Vietnam (Hong river); Type locality: Birma: Kachin, Sinlum Kaba (Wall, 1921)

chapaensis: Vietnam (Bac-Phan), Myanmar, China (W Yunnan); Type locality: near Chapa village (= Sa Pa), Bac Phan province, N Vietnam.  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesHolotype: SNHM (SMNHC) 717-17-1-525, Shanghai Museum of Natural History
Lectotype: MNHN-RA 1935.0131; paralectotype: MNHN-RA 1933.0006 [chapaensis] 
DiagnosisDiagnosis: An old, isolated clade of relatively smallgrowing ratsnakes (total length 800 – 1000 mm) within the collective genus Elaphe auct. which branched off after the Rhadinophis and the Euprepiophis-Oreocryptophis clades (Burbrink and Lawson, 2007). From the latter two genera, it is distinguished by (1) a weakly (vs. markedly) concave frontal shield; (2) a consistently lacking loreal shield (present in Oreocryptophis and Euprepiophis, lacking only exceptionally in some E. mandarinus); (3) a dorsal head pattern of an anteriorly open Vor Y-shaped marking (vs. a posteriorly open V-shaped marking in Euprepiophis, or a longitudinal midline streak in Oreocryptophis); and (4) its hemipenis with a slightly expanded, calyculate and indistinctly asymmetrical apex (vs. subcylindrical, spiny and bilobed in Oreocryptophis, and distinctly expanded, spiny and asymmetrically bipartite in Euprepiophis mandarinus and perlaceus, subcylindrical in E. conspicillatus). 
CommentSynonymy: WERNER (1929) established Zamenis brachyura Günther, 1866 (currently Coronella brachyura) as the type species of Wallophis, and allocated also “Coronella (Wallophis) pulchra” to his new genus. Wallophis was revived in a non-peer reviewed journal (Litteratura Serpentium), without adequate justification (by Ken Welch) and is thus not recognized here. Coluber leonardi WALL 1921 is a synonym of Coronella bella STANLEY 1917 (= Elaphe bella) fide SCHULZ (2000). See SCHULZ et al. 2011 for a more extensive chresonymy.

Maculophis BURBRINK & LAWSON 2007 is a nomen nudum fide BÖHME & DE PURY 2011.

Type species: Coronella bella STANLEY 1917 is the type species of the genus Archelaphe SCHULZ, BÖHME & TILLACK 2011.

Distribution: Not listed for India by Whitaker & Captain 2007. Schulz 2000 lists only China, Myanmar, and Vietnam as countries. Wallach et al. 2014 also list Laos and Nagaland in India. 
EtymologyDerived from the Greek word archaios (= old), archaic, in reference to the basal position of the Archelaphe clade in the phylogenetic tree of Elaphe auct. 
References
  • Böhme, W. & De Pury,S. 2011. A note on the generic allocation of Coluber moilensis REUSS 1834 (Serpentes: Psammophiidae). Salamandra 47 (2): 120-123 - get paper here
  • Burbrink, Frank T. and Robin Lawson 2007. How and when did Old World ratsnakes disperse into the New World? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 43 (1): 173-189 - get paper here
  • Das, I. 2012. A Naturalist's Guide to the Snakes of South-East Asia: Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Myanmar, Borneo, Sumatra, Java and Bali. Oxford J, ohn Beaufoy Publishing - get paper here
  • Ding, HAN BO, and JI ZHENG. 1974. Snakes of Fujian Province (in Chinese). Publ. Dept. Biol. Fujian Nor-mal Univ., Fuzhou. (6), 93, (1) pages
  • Grewal, B., R. Sreenivasan & B. Haralu 2012. Nagaland Biodiversity & Conservation Programme, an Action Document. M.Sc. Wildlife Biology and Conservation, Wildlife Conservation Society-India Programme, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore. Department of Forests, Ecology, Environment and Wildlife, Nagaland, 153pp
  • Jiang, Ai-wu; Zhou, Fang; Liu, Hong; Wang, Shao-neng. 2006. A new record of snake, Oligodon bellus, in Guangxi autonomous region. Sichuan Journal of Zoology 25(2):271. [In Chinese] - get paper here
  • Mell,R. 1931. List of Chinese snakes. Lingnan Sci. Jour., Canton, 8 [1929]: 199-219.
  • Nguyen, S.V., Ho, C.T. and Nguyen, T.Q. 2009. Herpetofauna of Vietnam. Chimaira, Frankfurt, 768 pp.
  • Orlov, Nikolai L.; Sergei A. Ryabov, Tao Thien Nguyen, and Truong Quang Nguyen 2010. Rediscovery and Redescription of Two Rare Snake Species: Oligodon lacroixi Angel et Bourret, 1933 and Maculophis bellus chapaensis (Bourret, 1934) [Squamata: Ophidia: Colubridae] from Fansipan Mountains, Northern Vietnam. Russ. J. Herpetol. 17 (4): 310-322 - get paper here
  • O’Shea, M. 2018. The Book of Snakes. Ivy Press / Quarto Publishing, London, - get paper here
  • Pawar Prabhakar R., Rokade Anil G., Supnekar Santosh P., Meshram Leena N., Pawar Namdeo B.and Gavhane Usha V. 2020. Diversity and Distribution of Snakes in Adjoining Areas of Panvel, Navi Mumbai, West Coast of India. International Journal of Zoological Investigations 6 (2): 289-300 - get paper here
  • Rendahl,H. 1937. Beiträge zur Herpetologie von Birma. Arkiv för Zoologi 29A (10): 1-29
  • Schulz, K. D. 1996. Eine Monographie der Schlangengattung Elaphe Fitzinger. Bushmaster, Berg (CH): 1-460
  • Schulz, Klaus-Dieter 1996. A monograph of the colubrid snakes of the genus Elaphe Fitzinger. Koeltz Scientific Books, 439 pp.
  • Schulz, Klaus-Dieter; Wolfgang Böhme, Frank Tillack 2011. Hemipenis Morphology of Coronella Bella Stanley, 1917 with Comments on Taxonomic and Nomenclatural Issues of Ratsnakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Colubrinae: Elaphe Auct.). Russ. J. Herpetol. 18 (4): 273–283<br /> - get paper here
  • Schulz,D.; Helfenberger, N.; Rao, D.Q. & Cen, J. 2000. Eine verkannte Colubridenart, Elaphe bella (STANLEY 1917). Sauria 22 (1): 11-18 - get paper here
  • Smith, M.A. 1943. The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, Including the Whole of the Indo-Chinese Sub-Region. Reptilia and Amphibia. 3 (Serpentes). Taylor and Francis, London. 583 pp.
  • Stanley, ARTHUR 1917. Two new species of Chinese snakes. Jour. North-China Branch Royal Asiatic Soc., Shanghai, 47 [1916]: 83-84
  • Utiger, Urs, Notker Helfenberger, Beat Schätti, Catherine Schmidt, Markus Ruf and Vincent Ziswiler 2002. Molecular systematics and phylogeny of Old World and New World ratsnakes, Elaphe Auct., and related genera (Reptilia, Squamata, Colubridae). Russ. J. Herpetol. 9 (2): 105-124. - get paper here
  • Wall, FRANK 1923. Notes on a collection of snakes from Sinlum Kaba. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 29 (2): 466-468. - get paper here
  • Wall,F. 1921. Notes on some notable additions to the Bombay N.H.S. Snakes Collection. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 28: 43-44 - get paper here
  • Wallach, Van; Kenneth L. Williams , Jeff Boundy 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. [type catalogue] Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp.
  • Wang K, Lyu ZT, Wang J, Qi S, Che J 2022. Updated Checklist and Zoogeographic Division of the Reptilian Fauna of Yunnan Province, China. Biodiversity Science 30 (4): 21326, 1–31 - get paper here
  • Wang, C. G. M. Z. X., Jia, S. Y. K. T. L., & Hu, C. Z. J. 2022. An updated species checklist of amphibians and reptiles in Fujian Province, China. Biodiversity Science, 22090 - get paper here
  • Wang, Kai; Jinlong Ren, Hongman Chen, Zhitong Lyu, Xianguang Guo Ke Jiang, Jinmin Chen, Jiatang Li, Peng Guo, Yingyong Wang, Jing Che 2020. The updated checklists of amphibians and reptiles of China. Biodiversity Science 28 (2): 189-218 - get paper here
  • Yang, J.-H., X.-Y. Huang, J.-F. Ye, S.-P. Yang, X.-.C. Zhang & B.P.-L. Chan 2019. A report on the herpetofauna of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve, China. Journal of Threatened Taxa 11(11): 14434–14451 - get paper here
  • Zaw, Win 2020. Study on Reptilian Fauna of Kyaikhtiyo Wildlife Sanctuary, Myanmar. Privately published - get paper here
  • Zhao, E.M. 2006. The snakes of China [in Chinese]. Hefei, China, Anhui Sience & Technology Publ. House, Vol. I, 372 pp., Vol. II (color plates), 280 pp.
 
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