Boa constrictor LINNAEUS, 1758

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Higher Taxa	Boidae (Boinae), Henophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies	Boa constrictor constrictor LINNAEUS 1758 Boa constrictor longicauda PRICE & RUSSO 1991 Boa constrictor occidentalis PHILIPPI 1873 Boa constrictor ortonii COPE 1877
Common Names	E: Boa Constrictor (color morphs: albino, Anery, Blood, Camel, Coral Albino, Leopard, Leucistic, Pearl, Prodigy, Squaretail, Arabesque, Salmon, jaguar, Jungle, Marron, Motley, Onyx, Roswell, Fire, Inca, IMG, Pink, Avalanche, Blizzard, Ghost, Hytec, Moonglow, Paradigm, Pewter, Paradigm, Snow, Sunglow, Sunset, G: Abgottschlange S: Tragavenado, boa, macaurel, sarura, güio, Matacaballos E: Short-Tailed Boa [amarali] E: Red-Tailed Boa Constrictor [constrictor] E: Long-Tailed Boa Constrictor [longicauda] E: Argentine Boa Constrictor [occidentalis] E: Orton’s Boa Constrictor [ortonii] E: Dominican Boa Constrictor [pnebulosa] E: Tet’chien or St. Lucian Boa [orophias] Portuguese: Anaconda, Boiuçu, Cobra-de-Veado, Ctaia, Jauacanga, Jiboia, Jiboia-Branca, Jiboia-Cinzenta, Jiboia-da-Cauda-Vermelha, Jiboia-do-Cerrado, Kuong-Kuong, Salamanta-Boi, Suaçu
Synonym	Boa constrictor LINNAEUS 1758: 215 Constrictor formosissimus LAURENTI 1768: 107 Constrictor rex serpentum LAURENTI 1768: 107 Constrictor auspex LAURENTI 1768: 108 Constrictor diviniloquus LAURENTI 1768: 108 Boa constrictor — SHAW & NODDER 1790: plate 51 Boa constrictrix SCHNEIDER 1801: 247 (emendation) Boa constrictor — BOULENGER 1893: 117 Boa constrictor — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1844: 507 Boa diviniloqua — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1844: 515 Boa diviniloquax — JAN 1864 Boa constrictor — BOULENGER 1893: 117 Boa diviniloqua — BOULENGER 1893: 118 Boa constrictor amarali STULL 1932: 27 Constrictor constrictor amarali STULL 1932: 27 Boa constrictor amarili — FORCART 1951 Constrictor constrictor — MARTIN 1958 Boa constrictor amarili — FREIBERG 1982 Boa constrictor melanogaster LANGHAMMER 1983 (nom. dubium) Boa constrictor – SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1991: 591 Boa constrictor — LINER 1994 Boa constrictor — STARACE 1998: 90 Boa constrictor — MCDIARMID, CAMPBELL & TOURÉ 1999: 183 Boa constrictor amarali — BINDER & LAMP 2007 Boa constrictor — REYNOLD et al. 2014 Boa constrictor — WALLACH et al. 2014: 95 Boa constrictor amarali — MURPHY & CRUTCHFIELD 2019: 188 Boa constrictor constrictor LINNAEUS 1758 Boa constrictor LINNAEUS 1758: 215 Constrictor constrictor constrictor — BEEBE 1946: 18 Boa constrictor constrictor — FORCART 1951 Boa constrictor constrictor — STIMSON 1969 Boa constrictor constrictor — BOOS 2001 Boa constrictor constrictor — BINDER & LAMP 2007 Boa constrictor constrictor — REYNOLDS & HENDERSON 2018: 5 Boa constrictor longicauda PRICE & RUSSO 1991 Boa constrictor longicauda — REYNOLDS & HENDERSON 2018: 5 Boa constrictor longicauda — MURPHY & CRUTCHFIELD 2019: 191 Boa constrictor occidentalis PHILIPPI 1873 Boa occidentalis PHILIPPI 1873 Boa occidentalis — BOULENGER 1893: 118 Euncetes murinus BERG 1893 (nec LINNAEUS) Constrictor constrictor occidentalis IHERING 1911: 321 Constrictor occidentalis — SERIÉ 1921 Boa constrictor occidentalis — FORCART 1951: 199 Boa constrictor occidentalis — ABALOS et al. 1964 Boa constrictor occidentalis — FREIBERG 1982 Boa constrictor occidentalis — CEI 1993 Boa constrictor occidentalis — SCROCCHI et al. 2006: 69 Boa constrictor occidentalis — BINDER & LAMP 2007 Boa constrictor occidentalis — HYNKOVA et al. 2009 Boa constrictor occidentalis — WINCHELL 2010 Boa constrictor occidentalis — SMITH et al. 2017 Boa constrictor occidentalis — REYNOLDS & HENDERSON 2018: 6 Boa constrictor occidentalis — MURPHY & CRUTCHFIELD 2019 Boa constrictor ortonii COPE 1878 Boa ortonii COPE 1878: 35 Constrictor constrictor ortonii — SCHMIDT & WALKER 1943: 305 Boa constrictor ortonii — STIMSON 1969 Boa constrictor ortonii — BINDER & LAMP 2007 Boa constrictor ortonii — KOCH 2010 Boa constrictor ortonii — KOCH et al. 2018 Boa constrictor ortonii — REYNOLDS & HENDERSON 2018: 6 Boa constrictor ortonii — MURPHY & CRUTCHFIELD 2019
Distribution	Colombia (Valle del Cauca), Venezuela (Merida [HR 27: 88], Isla Margarita), Guyana, French French Guiana, Suriname, Peru (Pasco etc.), Bolivia, Brazil (Amapá, Pará, Rondonia, Bahia, Sergipe, RO, Amazonas, Pará, Pernambuco, Paraíba, Distrito Federal, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Paraná, Piauí, Mato Grosso, Goiás, S Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte), Argentina, Paraguay Trinidad, Tobago, Antilles, e.g. Martinique, Aruba (introduced); Antigua (sub-fossil only), elevation (Honduras): 0-1370 m USA (introduced to Florida) amarali (invalid): SE Bolivia, S Brazil (S Mato Grosso, Goias, Mato Grosso do Sul, Sao Paulo, Bahia), N Paraguay; Type locality: Sao Paulo, Brazil. constrictor: Type locality: “Indiis” eques: Peru (Piura). Type locality: coastal city of Paita and vicinity, Peru. longicauda: N Peru; Type locality: region around Tumbes, Tumbes Province, N Peru. melanogaster: Ecuador (Morona Santiago, Napo); Type locality: Rio Yaupi, Morona Santiago, Ecuador. occidentalis: Paraguay, Argentina (Mendoza, San Luis, Cordoba, La Pampa, Santiago del Estero), SE Bolivia; Type locality: Mendoza and San Juan, Argentina. ortonii: NW Peru (La Libertad, Cajamarca, Lambayeque, Piura; Type locality: Chilete (Cajamarca), west of Pacasmayo, Peru.
Reproduction	ovovivparous; Booth et al. (2010) provide evidence for parthenogenesis in B. constrictor.
Types	Syntypes: NRM (= NHRM) 10 and NHRM 20001; NRS (= paratypes fide BONNY 2007) Holotype: MCZ 16700, paratypes: UMMZ, FMNH, AMNH [amarali] Holotype: MCZ 176002, subadult male; paratypes: MCZ, RMP [longicauda] Holotype: UMMZ 172680 [melanogaster] Holotype: unlocated fide McDiarmid et al., 1999, Reynolds & Henderson 2018) [occidentalis] Holotype: ANSP 11402 [ortonii]
Diagnosis	Diagnosis (constrictor in Honduras): “Boa constrictor differs from all other Honduran snakes by the combination of having enlarged ventral scales that do not extend the entire width of the venter, no enlarged scales on the top of the head, mostly entire subcaudal scales, smooth dorsal scales in more than 60 rows at midbody, a huge adult size, and in lacking labial pits.” (McCranie 2011: 61)
Comment	Synonymy: Boa constrictor melanogaster Langhammer 1983 is a nomen dubium fide Price & Russo 1991. It’s type locality is “Ecuador, Morona-Santiago, nr. Río Yaupi Catholic Mission, upstream from Ró Santiago, Jivaro Indians, Holotype: UMMZ. Synonymy partly after STIMSON 1969. Subspecies: Hynková et al. (2010) and others suggested that B. c. imperator may be a full species. If so, they also suggested that it would comprise all populations of the Central American clade, including B. c. sabogae and B. c. longicauda. Hynkova et al. found no molecular support for the distinction between the nominotypic subspecies and B. c. amarali. Hynkova et al. did not analyze all (sub-) species, e.g. orophias or nebulosa. Crother et al. (2009) have found a snake shed in Manitoba, Canada, which was identified by DNA sequencing as most likely coming from Boa constrictor. Genome: The Boa constrictor genome has been sequenced by Vicoso et al. (2013). Distribution: B. c. constrictor s.l. only occurs in South America; all other reports from Central America and the Caribbean represent subspecies (now other species). Hence not anymore in Mexico (Tamaulipas, Quéretaro, Veracruz, Puebla, Jalisco, Hidalgo), Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama. Not in Yucatan state (Mexico), fide Gonzalez-Sanchez et al. 2017. See maps in Bonny 2007. Distribution: Not listed for San Luis Potosí by Lemos-Espinal et al. 2018 (checklist SLP). Not in Morelos fide Lemos-Espinal 2020 (where it is replaced by B. sigma). See also map in Nogueira et al. 2019 for South America. Relative abundance in Honduras: rare Type species: Boa constrictor LINNAEUS 1758: 215 is the type species of the genus Boa LINNAEUS 1758: 214. Type genus. Boa Linnaeus 1758 is the type genus of the family Boidae (sensu Pyron et al. 2014). The famly (sensu Pyron et al. 2014) contains the following genera: Boa, Chilabothrus, Corallus, Epicrates, Eunectes. Karyotypes: Viana et al. 2020 present karyotypes for Boa constrictor and other boids. Habitat: partly arboreal (Harrington et al. 2018).
Etymology	The generic name is derived from the Latin word boa, meaning "large water snake." Linnaeus obviously did not know whether this species lived in water or not. However, Fretey 2019 stated that it stems from Latin bos, ‘cow’; ‘kind of snake’ because it feeds first by sucking cows according to Pliny the elder (Liber 8.14). The specific epithet comes from the Latin word constrictus, meaning "to constrict or contract."
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Boa Linnaeus, 1758 (Reptilia); Proposed designation of a type-species under the plenary powers with additio of Constrictor Laurenti, 1768, to the offical list Z.N.(S.) 1188. Bull. Zool. Nomenclature 19 (4): 205-207 - get paper here Smith, Paul David; Karina Atkinson 2017. Observations of two predation events involving herps and birds. Herpetology Notes 10: 635-637 - get paper here Soares, Diego De Oliveira, Ítalo Hipólito De Lima Barbosa Barbosa, João Fabrício Mota Rodrigues and Diva Maria Borges-Nojosa. 2015. Feeding frequency influences weight gain independently of dietary intake in juvenile Boa constrictor (Squamata, Boidae). Herpetological Review 46 (3): 368-371 - get paper here Solís, J. M., L. D. Wilson, and J. H. Townsend. 2014. An updated list of the amphibians and reptiles of Honduras, with comments on their nomenclature. Mesoamerican Herpetology 1: 123–144 - get paper here Solorzano, A. 2004. Serpientes de Costa Rica - Snakes of Costa Rica. Editorial INBio, Costa Rica, 792 pp. Starace, Fausto 1998. Guide des Serpents et Amphisbènes de Guyane. IBIS Rouge Editions, Guadeloupe, Guyane, 450 pp. Starace, Fausto 2013. Guide des Serpents et Amphisbènes de Guyane. Ibis Rouge Editions, Matoury, Guyane, ISBN 978-2-84450-407-4 - get paper here Stöckl, H. & Stöckl, E. 2007. Reinrassige Boa constrictor. M&S Reptilien-Verlag, Villingen-Schwenningen, 127 pp. Stöckl, H. & Stöckl, E. 2008. Wie gefährlich sind Boas in Bayern? Reptilia (Münster) 13 (71): 6-7 - get paper here Stöckl, H. & Stöckl, E. 2010. Die Südboa (Boa constrictor occidentalis) und die Kennzeichnungspflicht. Reptilia (Münster) 15 (83): 32-33 - get paper here Stöckl, Hermann & Erika Stöckl 2010. Aberrante Form von Boa constrictor longicauda – die „Zeros“. Draco 11 (44): 35-37 - get paper here Stöckl, Hermann & Erika Stöckl 2010. Trächtigkeit und Niederkunft von Boas – Erstversorgung der Nachzuchten und mögliche Komplikationen. Draco 11 (44): 26-34 - get paper here Stöckl, Hermann & Stöckl, Erika 2008. Die Abgottschlange Boa constrictor. Natur und Tier Verlag, Münster, 64 pp. [review in Elaphe 17 (1): 31] - get paper here Stull, O.G. 1932. Five new subspecies of the family Boidae. Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. nat. Hist. 8: 25-29 Sunyer, Javier 2014. An updated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Nicaragua. Mesoamerican Herpetology 1 (2): 186–202. - get paper here Sunyer, Javier and Diana M. Galindo-Uribe. 2015. Boa constrictor (boa constrictor) diet. Herpetological Review 46 (1): 100 - get paper here Taylor, Edward Harrison 1938. Notes on the herpetological fauna of the Mexican state of Sonora. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 24 (19): 475-503 [1936] - get paper here Thomas, Maurice E. 1974. Bats as a Food Source for Boa constrictor. Journal of Herpetology 8 (2): 188 - get paper here Tielemans, H. 1981. Kweekresultaten [Breeding results]: Boa constrictor constrictor. Litteratura Serpentium 1 (2): 72 - get paper here Tielemans, H. 1982. Kweekresultaten [Breeding results]: Boa constrictor constrictor. Litteratura Serpentium 2 (1): 44-45 - get paper here Tielemans, H. 1983. Breeding results: Boa constrictor constrictor. Litteratura Serpentium 3 (6): 214 - get paper here Tinkle, Donald W.;Gibbons, J. Whitfield 1977. The distribution and evolution of viviparity in reptiles. Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan (154): 1-55 - get paper here TOKUDA, MARCOS. 2021. Predation of Felis catus (Linnaeus, 1758) by Boa constrictor Amarali (Stull, 1932). Revista Latinoamericana de Herpetología 4(1): 206–207. - get paper here Torres-Carvajal O, Pazmiño-Otamendi G, Salazar-Valenzuela D. 2019. Reptiles of Ecuador: a resource-rich portal, with a dynamic checklist and photographic guides. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 13 (1): [General Section]: 209–229 (e178) - get paper here Tourmente, Maximiliano; Laura C Giojalas, and Margarita Chiaraviglio 2010. Sperm Parameters Associated with Reproductive Ecology in Two Snake Species. Herpetologica 67 (1): 58-70. - get paper here Travaglia-Cardoso, Silvia R.; Giuseppe Puorto, Marcelo S. B. Lucas & Hana Suzuki 2016. Boa constrictor (Reptilia, Serpentes, Boidae): opportunistic predation on Diopsittaca nobilis (Aves, Psittacidae). Herpetological Bulletin (137) - get paper here Tschambers, B. 1949. Boa constrictor Eats Porcupine Herpetologica 5 (6): 141. - get paper here Tyler, R.E. 1850. Notes on the serpents of St. Lucia. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) 6: 130-134 - get paper here Ugueto, G.N. & Rivas, G.A. 2010. Amphibians and Reptiles of Margarita, Coche and Cubagua. Frankfurt Contributions to Natural History, Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 350 pp Urbina-Cardona, J. Nicolás; Mario Olivares-Pérez, Víctor Hugo Reynoso 2006. Herpetofauna diversity and microenvironment correlates across a pasture–edge–interior ecotone in tropical rainforest fragments in the Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve of Veracruz, Mexico. Biological Conservation 132: 61–75 - get paper here Valencia, J H & Garzon-Tello, K 2018. Boa constrictor imperator (Boa Constrictor) Diet. Herpetological Review 49 (2): 333-334 - get paper here Valencia-Zuleta A, Jaramillo-Martínez AF, Echeverry-Bocanegra A, Viáfara-Vega R, Hernández-Córdoba O, Cardona-Botero VE, Gutiérrez-Zúñiga J, Castro-Herrera F. 2014. Conservation status of the herpetofauna, protected areas, and current problems in Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 8 (2): 1–18 (e87) - get paper here VAN DEVENDER, T. R., J. C. RORABAUGH, B. DIETRICH, S.-M. J. ABEL, H. SILVA-KURUMIYA, G. YANES-ARVAYO, P. C. ROSEN, G. M. FERFUSON, S. J. TRAGESER, J. M. GALAZ-GALAZ, S. JACOBS, J. H. VALDEZ-VILLARVICENDCIO, R. W. VAN DEVENDER, G. MOLINA-PADILLA, A. L 2020. Distribution and Ecology of the Northernmost Mexican West Coast Boa Constrictor (Boa sigma). Herpetological Review 51: 433-438. Vaz-Silva, W.; RM Oliveira, AFN Gonzaga, KC Pinto, FC Poli, TM Bilce, M Penhacek, L Wronski, JX Martins, TG Junqueira, LCC, Cesca VY, Guimarães RD. Pinheiro 2015. Contributions to the knowledge of amphibians and reptiles from Volta Grande do Xingu, northern Brazil Braz. J. Biol., 75 (3) (suppl.): S205-S218 - get paper here Vechio, Francisco dal; Renato Recoder; Miguel Trefaut Rodrigues; Hussam Zaher 2013. The herpetofauna of the estação ecológica de uruçuí-una, state of Piauí, Brazil. Pap. Avulsos Zool. 53(16): 225‐243 - get paper here Vences M., Franzen M., Flaschendräger A., Schmitt R. & Regös J. 1998. Beobachtungen zur Herpetofauna von Nicaragua: kommentierte Artenliste der Reptilien. Salamandra 34 (1): 17-42 - get paper here Vergner 1992. Bemerkungen über das Sexualverhalten der Abgottschlange Boa constrictor Linnaeus, 1758. Herpetofauna 14 (81): 23-26 - get paper here Verstappen, F.J.M. 1981. Kweekresultaten [Breeding results]: Boa constrictor constrictor. Litteratura Serpentium 1 (5): 200 - get paper here Verstappen, F.J.M. 1981. Kweekresultaten [Breeding results]: Boa constrictor constrictor. Litteratura Serpentium 1 (5): 199 - get paper here Verveen, A. 2002. Able bodied Boa constrictor in 3D. Litteratura Serpentium 22 (3): 115-118 - get paper here Verveen, A. 2003. Is Boa constrictor a nocturnal animal? Litteratura Serpentium 23 (2): 4-10 - get paper here Verveen, A.A. 2003. Envaringen met een paartje Boa constrictor als huisdier 4: Gegeten per jaar, aanpassing aan het niet te vaak eten. Lacerta 61 (2): 43-52 - get paper here Verveen, A.A. 2004. Ervaringen met een paartje Boa constrictor als huisdier (5): Eetgedrag: slagfelheid, kopzoeken, eetsnelheid. Lacerta 62 (2): 66-77 - get paper here Verveen, A.A. 2005. Death of two 14 year old Boa constrictor, part 1. A seemingly pregnant female. Litteratura Serpentium 25 (4): 205 - get paper here Verveen, A.A. 2005. Ervaringen met een paartje Boa constrictor als huisdier-deel 6: Vertern (2) - Urine. Lacerta 63 (3): 120-126 - get paper here Verveen, A.A. 2005. Ervaringen met een paartje Boa constrictor als huisdier-deel 6: Verteren(1)- Braken, gasvorming, drinken. Lacerta 63 (2): 69-79 - get paper here Verveen, A.A. 2006. Death of two 14 year old Boa constrictor 2. The shaking male. Litteratura Serpentium 26 (2): 126-134 - get paper here Verveen, A.A. 2006. Ervaringen met een paartje Boa constrictor als huisdier. Lacerta 64 (1): 19-31 - get paper here Verveen, A.A. 2007. Ervaringen met een paartje Boa constrictor als huisdier: XI. Vervellen (3): De kleuren van de vervelfase. Lacerta 65 (4): 150-167 - get paper here Verveen, A.A. 2008. Increase in weight and lenght of Boa constrictor. Part 1. Litteratura Serpentium 28 (1): 6-25 - get paper here Verveen, A.A. 2009. Ecdysis cycle of a giant snake (Boa constrictor). Part 1: The epidermis. Litteratura Serpentium 29 (4): 172-183 - get paper here Verveen, A.A. 2010. Ecdysis cycle of a giant snake (Boa constrictor), part 4. The colours of the skin. Litteratura Serpentium 30 (3): 110-135 - get paper here Verveen, A.A. 2010. Erratum: References to the paper by A.A. Verveen, 2009. Ecdysis cycle of a giant snake (Boa constrictor). The Epidermis. Litteratura Serpentium 29 (4): 172-183. Litteratura Serpentium 30 (2): 77 - get paper here Verveen, A.A. 2010. Ecdysis cycle of a giant snake (Boa constrictor), part 3. How much food does Boa constrictor consume per shedding cycle? Litteratura Serpentium 30 (2): 66-76 - get paper here Verveen, A.A. 2010. Ecdysis cycle of a giant snake (Boa constrictor): How often does a boa shed its skin? Litteratura Serpentium 30 (1): 14-28 - get paper here Verveen, A.A. 2011. Ecdysis cycle of a giant snake (Boa constrictor). Part 5. 5. Cell growth: The blue belly curve and the grey eyes curve. Litteratura Serpentium 31 (3): 136-163 - get paper here Verveen, A.A. 2012. Ecdysis cycle of a giant snake (Boa constrictor). 6. Dermal blood flow. Litteratura Serpentium 32 (3): 136-155 - get paper here Verveen, A.A. 2013. Hunting stage of a giant snake (Boa constrictor) 8. Events accompanying the renewal phase. Litteratura Serpentium 33 (3): 156-168 - get paper here Verveen, A.A. 2013. Ecdysis cycle of a giant snake (Boa constrictor), 7. Irregular spatiotemporal origin and spread of the renewal stage. Litteratura Serpentium 33 (1): 16-41 - get paper here Verveen, A.A. 2014. Hunting stage of a giant snake (Boa constrictor). 2: Boa hunting. Litteratura Serpentium 34 (3): 174-199 - get paper here Verveen, A.A. 2014. Hunting stage of a giant snake (Boa constrictor) 1. Boa sets out. Litteratura Serpentium 34 (2): 132-157 - get paper here Verveen, A.A. 2015. Hunting stage of a giant snake (Boa constrictor) 3: Boa constrictor as a pet. Litteratura Serpentium 35 (1): 7-28 - get paper here Verveen, A.A. & Jeroen Rouwkema 2007. The iridescent epidermis of Boa constrictor. Litteratura Serpentium 27 (3): 117-136 - get paper here Verveen, B. 2006. Ervaringen met een paartje Boa constrictor als huisdier: 9. Vervellen (1). Lacerta 64 (4): 147-160 - get paper here Verveen, B. 2007. Ervaringen met een paartje Boa constrictor als huisdier: 9. Vervellen (2): De kleuren van de huid. Lacerta 65 (3): 104-119 - get paper here Viana PF, Ribeiro LB, Souza GM, Chalkidis HdM, Gross MC, Feldberg E 2016. Is the Karyotype of Neotropical Boid Snakes Really Conserved? Cytotaxonomy, Chromosomal Rearrangements and Karyotype Organization in the Boidae Family. PLoS One 11 (8): e0160274.doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0160274 - get paper here Viana, P. F., Ezaz, T., de Bello Cioffi, M., Liehr, T., Al-Rikabi, A., Goll, L. G., ... & Feldberg, E. 2020. Landscape of snake’sex chromosomes evolution spanning 85 MYR reveals ancestry of sequences despite distinct evolutionary trajectories. Scientific Reports, 10(1): 1-14 (12499) - get paper here Vicoso B, Emerson JJ, Zektser Y, Mahajan S, Bachtrog D 2013. Comparative Sex Chromosome Genomics in Snakes: Differentiation, Evolutionary Strata, and Lack of Global Dosage Compensation. PLoS Biol 11 (8): e1001643 - get paper here Vinke, T. & Vinke, S. 2010. Die Südboa oder Argentinische Boa, Boa constrictor occidentalis. Reptilia (Münster) 15 (83): 28-32 - get paper here Visch, A. 1985. Breeding results: Boa constrictor constrictor. Litteratura Serpentium 5 (2): 77-78 - get paper here Vrcibradic, D.; C.F.D. Rocha; M.C. Kiefer; F.H. Hatano; A.F. Fontes; M. Almeida-Gomes; C.C. Siqueira; J.A.L. Pontes; V.N.T. Borges-Junior; L.O. Gil; T. Klaion; E.C.N. Rubião; M. Sluys. 2011. Herpetofauna, Estação Ecológica Estadual do Paraíso, state of Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil. Check List 7 (6): 745-749 - get paper here Vries, S. de 1983. Reproduction of Boa constrictor ortonii (Cope) in captivity. Litteratura Serpentium 3 (5): 157-161 - get paper here Wallach, Van 2008. Axial bifurcation and duplication in snakes. Part IV. First record of a dicephalic Boa constrictor occidentalis (Serpentes: Boidae). Bull. Maryland Herp. Soc. 44 (4): 117 - get paper here Wallach, Van; Kenneth L. Williams , Jeff Boundy 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. [type catalogue] Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp. Wells, M T & Herberg, A M 2019. Boa constrictor constrictor (Red-tailed Boa) Diet. Herpetological Review 50 (3): 584 - get paper here Whithworth, A. & Beirne, C. 2011. Reptiles of the Yachana Reserve. Global Vision International, 130 pp. - get paper here Wilson, L.D. & McCranie, J.R. 2003. The herpetofauna of the cloud forests of Honduras. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 3 (1): 34-48 - get paper here Winchell, S. 2010. Die Reptilien Argentiniens. Reptilia (Münster) 15 (83): 20-27 - get paper here Winner, H.-J. 2008. Leopardboa, Stars & Stripes und Co. Die Farb- und Zeichnungsvarianten der dunklen Mexiko-Boa Boa constrictor imperator Terraria (10) 3 (2): 24-27. Zaher, Hussam; Fausto Erritto BarboI; Paola Sanchez Martínez; Cristiano Nogueira; Miguel Trefaut Rodrigues; Ricardo Jannini Sawaya 2011. Répteis do Estado de São Paulo: conhecimento atual e perspectivas. Biota Neotropica, 11 (1): 1–15. - get paper here Zwart, P. & C.A.P. van Riel 1982. Herhaalde kweek met Boa constrictor constrictor / Repeated breeding with Boa constrictor constrictor. Litteratura Serpentium 2 (4): 180-181 - get paper here
External links	IUCN Red List National Center for Biotechnology Information http://gto.ncsa.uiuc.edu/pingleto/herps/snakes.html http://www.algonet.se/~herp/files.htm http://saturn.spaceports.com/~leguan/b_schlan.htm http://www.dorka.de/Boa/boamorph.php?dat=Auswahl&m=c https://bioweb.bio/faunaweb/reptiliaweb/FichaEspecie/Boa%20constrictor http://www.arod.com.au/arod/reptilia/Squamata/Elapidae/Brachyurophis… http://www.biodiversityexplorer.org/reptiles/squamata/chamaeleonidae… http://www.saherps.net/sarca/sp-summary2.php http://www.dght.de/ag/chamaeleons/systematik.htm http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-krp27KeLEOQ/Tqz8Glanp6I/AAAAAAAATG0/xJG0QRzxaTs… Google images

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