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Bothrops erythromelas (AMARAL, 1923)

IUCN Red List - Bothrops erythromelas - Least Concern, LC
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Higher TaxaViperidae, Crotalinae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Caatinga Lancehead
Portuguese: Cabeça-de-Capanga, Jararaca, Jararaca-Avermelhada, Jararaca-Malha-de-Cascavel, Jararaca-da-Seca, Jararaca-da-Caatinga, Jararaca-do-Sertão, Jararaca-Rosada, Jararaca-Vermelha, Jararaquinha, Jararacussu, Jararaca-da-Folha-Seca 
SynonymColuber punctulatus RADDI 1820 (nom. obl.) (fide WALLACH et al. 2014)
Bothrops erythromelas AMARAL 1923: 96
Bothrops erythromelas AMARAL 1926: 114
Bothrops erythromelas — PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970: 45
Bothrops erythromelas — WELCH 1994: 33
Bothrops erythromelas — MCDIARMID, CAMPBELL & TOURÉ 1999: 260
Bothrops erythromelas — RODRIGUES 2003
Bothropoides erythromelas — FENWICK et al. 2009
Bothrops erythromelas — CARRASCO et al. 2012
Bothropoides erythromelas — WALLACH et al. 2014: 113
Bothrops erythromelas — NOGUEIRA et al. 2019 
DistributionBrazil (Alagoas, Bahia, Ceara, E Maranhao, Minas Gerais, Paraiba,
Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio Grande do Norte, Sergipe)

Type locality: Near Joazeiro, Estado da Bahia, Brazil.  
Reproductionovovivparous 
TypesHolotype: IBSP (= IB) 3030. 
Diagnosis 
CommentVenomous!

Synonymy: Machado et al. 2013 listed Lachesis neuwiedi itapetiningae Ihering (1911) as a synonym of B. erythromelas, based on previous authors. Note that Amaral described Bothrops erythromelas as a new species in two independent papers, published in 1923 and 1926. 
Etymologynamed after the Greek words “erythros” (= red) and “melas” (= black, dark), referring to its reddish and dark spots. 
References
  • Amaral, A. do 1923. New genera and species of snakes. Proc. New England Zool. Club 8: 85-105 - get paper here
  • Amaral, A. do 1926. Novos gêneros e expécies de ophidios brasileiros. Arch. Mus. Nac. Brazil, Rio de Janeiro 26: 1-27
  • Barbosa, Vanessa do Nascimento; Amaral, Jéssica Monique da Silva; Alcantara, Edivania do Nascimento Pereira; dos Santos, Ednilza Maranhão 2018. Herpetofauna de uma área de caatinga em Taquaritinga do Norte, agreste de Pernambuco, Brasil. Cuad. herpetol. 32 (2): 109-115 - get paper here
  • Calixto PO, Morato SAA 2017. Herpetofauna recorded by a fauna rescue program in a Caatinga area of João Câmara, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Check List 13 (5): 647-657 - get paper here
  • Campbell, J.A. & Lamar, W.W. 1989. The Venomous Reptiles of Latin America. Comstock Publishing/Cornell University Press, Ithaca
  • CARDOZO RIBEIRO, SAMUEL; IKARO HENRIQUE MENDES PINTO CAMPOS & MÍRIAM CAMARGO GUARNIERI. 2021. BOTHROPS ERYTHROMELAS (Jararaca). DIET. Herpetological Review 52 (1): 149–150. - get paper here
  • Carrasco, P.A., C.I. Mattoni, G.C. Leynaud, and G.J. Scrocchi. 2012. Morphology, phylogeny and taxonomy of South American bothropoid pitvipers (Serpentes, Viperidae). Zoologica Scripta 41: 109-124 - get paper here
  • CARRASCO, PAOLA A.; FELIPE G. GRAZZIOTIN, ROY SANTA CRUZ FARFÁN, CLAUDIA KOCH, JOSÉ ANTONIO OCHOA, GUSTAVO J. SCROCCHI, GERARDO C. LEYNAUD, JUAN C. CHAPARRO 2019. A new species of Bothrops (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae) from Pampas del Heath, southeastern Peru, with comments on the systematics of the Bothrops neuwiedi species group. Zootaxa 4565 (3): 301–344 - get paper here
  • Castro, Deborah Praciano de; Sarah Mângia, Felipe de Medeiros Magalhães, David Lucas Röhr, Felipe Camurugi, Ricardo Rodrigues da Silveira Filho, Margarida Maria Xavier da Silva, John Allyson Andrade-Oliveira, Tiago Agostinho de Sousa, Frederico Gusta 2019. Herpetofauna of protected areas in the Caatinga VI: The Ubajara National Park, Ceará, Brazil. Herpetology Notes 12: 727-742 - get paper here
  • Costa, Taís Borges; Daniel Orsi Laranjeiras, Francis Luiz Santos Caldas, Daniel Oliveira Santana, Cristiana Ferreira da Silva, Edna Paulino de Alcântara, Samuel Vieira Brito, Jéssica Yara Galdino, Daniel Oliveira Mesquita, Renato Gomes Faria, Frederi 2018. Herpetofauna of protected areas in the Caatinga VII: Aiuaba Ecological Station (Ceará, Brazil). Herpetology Notes 11: 929-941 - get paper here
  • De Oliveira, M C; Da Silva, É G; Lima, V F; Teixeira, A A M; Teles, D A; De Araujo Filho, J A & De Oliveira Almeida, W 2018. Bothrops erythromelas (Jararaca) Diet. Herpetological Review 49 (2): 335 - get paper here
  • De Oliveira, M C; Lima, V F; Teles, D A; Filho, J A d A & Almeida, W d O 2018. Bothrops erythromelas (Caatinga Lancehead) Endoparasites. Herpetological Review 49 (3): 542-543 - get paper here
  • De Oliveira, Monique Celião, Adonias Aphoena Martins Teixeira, João Antõnio de Araujo Filho, Samuel Vieira Brito and Waltécio De Oliveira Almeida. 2015. Bothrops erythromelas (jararaca dry) endoparasite. Herpetological Review 46 (3): 444 - get paper here
  • dos santos, E. M. & da Silva Muniz, S. L. 2012. Bothropoides erythromelas (Jaracara) defensive behavior: death-feigning. Herpetological Review 43: 340-341 - get paper here
  • FENWICK, ALLYSON M.; RONALD L. GUTBERLET JR, JENNAFER A. EVANS, CHRISTOPHER L. PARKINSON 2009. Morphological and molecular evidence for phylogeny and classification of South American pitvipers, genera Bothrops, Bothriopsis, and Bothrocophias (Serpentes: Viperidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (3): 617-640 - get paper here
  • Freire, E. M. X., Kolodiuk, M. F., Gogliath, M., Kokubum, M. N. D. C., Rêgo, B. D. P., Ribeiro, M. M., ... & Sales, R. F. D. 2023. The herpetofauna of priority highland areas for conservation of the Caatinga in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, northeastern Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 23, e20221395 - get paper here
  • Freitas, M.A.; D. Veríssimo; V. Uhlig. 2012. Squamate Reptiles of the central Chapada Diamantina, with a focus on the municipality of Mucugê, state of Bahia, Brazil. Check List 8(1):16-22 - get paper here
  • Freitas, Marco A. de; Marcos J.M. Dubeux, Márcio F. Chaves, Bruno F. Fiorillo, Gentil A.P. Filho, Washington L.S. Vieira, and Geraldo J.B. de Moura 2023. Herpetofauna in three highland Atlantic Forest remnants in northeastern Brazil. Herpetology Notes 16: 377-390
  • Freitas, Marco Antonio de; Arthur Diesel Abegg, Daniel da Silva Araújo, Hugo Estevam de Almeida Coelho, Weverton dos Santos Azevedo, Márcio Frazão Chaves, Geraldo Jorge Barbosa de Moura 2019. Herpetofauna of five "Brejos de Altitude" of the interior of the state of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil. Herpetology Notes 12: 591-602 - get paper here
  • Freitas, Marco Antonio de; Guarino R. Colli, Omar Machado Entiauspe-Neto, Luiz Trinchão, Daniel Araújo, Tiago de Oliveira Lima, Daniella Pereira Fagundes de França, Renato Gaiga, Pedro Dias 2016. Snakes of Cerrado localities in western Bahia, Brazil. Check List 12 (3): 1896 - get paper here
  • Freitas, Marco Antônio; Omar Machado Entiauspe-Neto, Tiago de Oliveira Lima, José Soares da Silva Neto, Daniel Araujo & Jonathan Márcio Soares da Silva 2016. Snakes of Juazeiro, Bahia, Middle of São Francisco River, Brazil. Bol. Mus. Biol. Mello Leitão (N. Sér.) 38(4): 331-345.
  • Garda, A.A.; T.B. Costa; C.R. Santos-Silva; D.O. Mesquita; R.G. Faria; B.M. Conceição; I.R.S. Silva; A.S. Ferreira; S.M. Rocha; C.N.S. Palmeira; R. Rodrigues; S.F. Ferrari; S. Torquato. 2013. Herpetofauna of protected areas in the Caatinga I: Raso da Catarina Ecological Station (Bahia, Brazil). Check List 9 (2):405-414 - get paper here
  • Gondim, Patrícia de Menezes, João Fabrício Mota Rodrigues, Maria Juliana Borges-Leite and Diva Maria Borges-Nojosa. 2016. Topographic anatomy and sexual dimorphism of Bothrops erythromelas AMARAL, 1923 (Squamata: Serpentes: Viperidae). Herpetozoa 28 (3/4): 133-140 - get paper here
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  • Guedes, Thaís B.; Ricardo J. Sawaya, Alexander Zizka, Shawn Laffan, Søren Faurby, R. Alexander Pyron, Renato S. Bérnils, Martin Jansen, Paulo Passos, Ana L. C. Prudente, Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia, Henrique B. Braz, Cristiano de C. Nogueira, Alexandre 2017. Patterns, biases and prospects in the distribution and diversity of Neotropical snakes. Global Ecol Biogeogr 00:1–8 - get paper here
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  • Machado, Taís, Vinícius X. Silva & Maria José de J. Silva 2013. Phylogenetic relationships within Bothrops neuwiedi group (Serpentes, Squamata): Geographically highly-structured lineages, evidence of introgressive hybridization and Neogene/Quaternary diversification. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 71: 1-14 - get paper here
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  • Reis, Paulo Maurício A. G., Rafael D. F. Coehlo, Luciano M. N. Menezes and Leonardo B. Ribeiro. 2015. Contribution to the reproductive biology of Bothrops erythromelas (Squamata: Viperidae) in the semiarid region of Brazil. Herpetological Review 46 (3): 327-331 - get paper here
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