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Caretta caretta (LINNAEUS, 1758)

IUCN Red List - Caretta caretta - Vulnerable, VU
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Higher TaxaCheloniidae (Carettinae), Chelonioidea, Testudines (turtles)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Loggerhead Seaturtle, Loggerhead
G: Unechte Karettschildkröte
Croatian: glavata želva
Russian: Логгерхед, или головастая черепаха
Chinese: 红海龟
S: Caguama
Portuguese: Avó-de-Aruanã, Cabeça-Grande, Cabeçuda, Careba-Amarela, Carebadura, Careba-Dura, Tartaruga, Tartaruga-Amarela, Tartaruga-Avó, Tartaruga-Cabeçuda, Tartaruga-Carei, Tartaruga-Marinha-Comum, Tartatura-Meio-Pente, Tartaruga-Mestiça
Italian: tartaruga caretta 
SynonymTestudo caretta LINNAEUS 1758: 197
Testudo marina GARSAULT 1764
Testudo cephalo SCHNEIDER 1783
Testudo nasicornis LACÉPÈDE 1788 (nomen suppressum, ICZN 2005)
Testudo caouana LACÉPÈDE 1788 (nom. subst. pro T. caretta L.)
Caretta nasuta RAFINESQUE 1814
Caretta atra MERREM 1820
Chelonia multiscutata KUHL 1820 (?)
Testudo corianna GRAY 1831 (ex errore)
Testudo caretta — CUVIER 1831: 16
Chelonia pelasgorum BORY 1833
Chelonia Caouana — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1835: 552
Thalassochelys (Halichelys) atra FITZINGER 1843
Caouana elongata GRAY 1844
Thalassochelys corticata GIRARD 1858
Chelonia caretta — DYCE 1861: 351
Cephalochelys oceanica GRAY 1873 (?)
Chelonia cauana — BRÜHL 1880
Thalassochelys cauana — BOETTGER 1880: 210
Thalassochelys caretta — BOULENGER 1886: 425
Thalassiochelys tarapacona PHILIPPI 1887 (?)
Thalassochelys caretta— BOULENGER 1889
Chelonia dubia BLEEKER 1889 (nomen nudum)
Chelonia polyaspis BLEEKER 1889 (nomen nudum)
Thalassochelys controversa PHILIPPI 1899
Caretta caretta — STEJNEGER 1904
Thalassochelys cephalo — BARBOUR & COLE 1906: 148
Caretta caretta caretta— MERTENS & MÜLLER 1928
Caretta caretta — STEBBINS 1985: 105
Caretta caretta — ENGELMANN et al 1993
Caretta gigas DERANIYAGALA 1933 (?)
Caretta caretta gigas — DERANIYAGALA 1939
Caretta caretta gigas — BRATTSTROM 1955
Caretta caretta gigas — HARDY 1969
Caretta caretta gigas — STEBBINS 1985: 106
Caretta caretta — CONANT & COLLINS 1991: 76
Caretta caretta — GLAW & VENCES 1994: 229
Caretta caretta — COGGER 2000: 178
Caretta caretta — TTWG 2014: 341
Caretta caretta — SPAWLS et al. 2018: 41
Caretta caretta — TTWG 2021 
DistributionNesting:
Australia (Queensland, Western Australia),

Caribbean: Bahamas, Bermuda, Bonaire, Cuba, Curacao,
Dominican Republic, Haiti, Montserrat, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and The Granedines, Turks and Caicos, Aruba,

North America: Canada (British Columbia); USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas), US Virgin Islands.

Central America: Belize, Costa Rica, Honduras, Mexico (Jalisco, Tamaulipas, Sinaloa, Sonora, etc.), Panama,

South America: Brazil (Bahia, Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, Sergipe, Ceará, Piaui), Colombia, Venezuela,
Cape Verde, Cyman Islands,

Europe: Cyprus, France (Corsica), Greece, Italy, Malta, Spain (incl. Mallorca), Germany (rarely)

Africa: Egypt, Mauritania, Libya, Mozambique, Oman, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tunisia, Yemen; São Tomé and Príncipe.

Middle East: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, Turkey

Asia: Japan, China (incl. Fujian), Myanmar, Papua New Guinea (Trobriand islands), Sri Lanka, Singapore

Indian ocean: Madagascar,

Oceania: New Caledonia, Vanuatu,

Foraging: Albania, Algeria, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahrain, Barbados, British Virgin Islands, Canada, Chile, Comoros, Croatia, Djibouti, Dominica, Eritrea, Fiji, French Guiana, Gambia, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guinea-Bissau, Guatemala, Guyana, India, Indonesia, Iran, Jamaica, Kenya, Malta, Martinique, Mauritius, Monaco, Montenegro, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands Antilles (Bonaire, Saba, St. Eustatius), Nicaragua, North Korea, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Reunion, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sint Maarten, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Korea, Sudan, Suriname, Taiwan, Tanzania, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, United Arab Emirates, Uruguay, USA (California, Hawaii, Oregon), Vietnam, Western Sahara; Vagrant: Angola, Benin, Brunei, Cambodia, Cameroon, DR Congo, Ro Congo, Ecuador, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Great Britain, Guinea, Iraq, Ireland, Ivory Coast, Kuwait, Liberia, Malaysia, Maldives, New Zealand, Nigeria, Thailand, Togo, Tuvalu (Rhodin et al., 2010) .

Pacific Ocean and Oceania, Solomon Islands, Fiji [McCoy 2000],

Africa: Kenya, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Israel, Eritrea, Tanzania (?), United Arab Emirates (UAE), Somalia, Mauritania, South Africa, tropical western Africa, Cameroon, Madagascar

Asia: Indian and Atlantic oceans, Japan, Gulf of Thailand,
India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Vietnam

Europe: British Isles, England, United Kingdom, Italy [E. RAZZETTI, pers. comm.], Greece (Corfu), France
Turkey [Basoglu 1973], Portugal, Mediterranean seas (Adriatic Sea: Croatia)

Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland, Tasmania, Western Australia)

Americas: Canada (Newfoundland), USA (incl. New York), SE Mexico (Yucatan, Campeche, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Baja California, Veracruz), Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia [Castro,F. (pers. comm.)], Caribbean, Chile, Argentina,

Australia (New South Wales)

caretta: Atlantic Ocean
gigas: Indian and Pacific Ocean

acording to the 1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals:
EC/NE/NW/SE/SW/WC Atlantic, E/W Indian Ocean,
Mediterranean and Black Sea, EC/NE/NW/SE/SW/WC Pacific,
Angola, Australia, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belize, Brazil,
Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus,
Dominican Republic, Egypt, Greece, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Libya,
Madagascar, Mexico, Montserrat, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar (= Burma), Namibia, New Caledonia, Nicaragua, Oman, Panama, Papua New Guinea,
Philippines, Puerto Rico, Senegal, South Africa, Sri Lanka, St Lucia,
Turkey, Turks and Caicos Islands,
USA (Alaska, Washington, Western Atlantic: Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida),
Venezuela, Virgin Islands (British)

Two finds in waters of Russia are known: in the Barents Sea's Kolsky Bay and in the Sea of Japan's Peter the Great Bay (fide KHALIKOV, pers. comm.)

Type locality: “Americanas”  
Reproductionoviparous. FRITZ (1995) and Lara-Ruiz et al. 2006 report hybrids between Caretta caretta and Eretmochelys imbricata. BARBER et al. (2003) and Pfaller et al. 2019 confirmed natural hybridization between a Kemp’s ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) and loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) by molecular analysis. Koo et al. (2014) report hybrids between Chelonia mydas and Caretta caretta (see also NCBI taxID 2305479). Exhibits temperature‐dependent sex determination (TSD) fide Cornejo-Páramo et al. 2020 (and references therein). Clutch size: 107-120 (Fitch 1985). 
TypesHolotype: Unknown
Holotype: USNM 7778 [Thalassochelys corticata] 
Diagnosis 
CommentSynonymy: According to BRONGERSMA (1961) Caretta caretta gigas is a synonym of Caretta caretta.

Habitat: marine. Several studies have shown that loggerheads find their home nesting sites using the magnetic field of the earth (e.g. Brothers & Lohmann 2015).

Distribution: not in Gabon fide Pauwels, pers. comm. 25 Apr 2019. No confirmed records from Gujarat fide Patel & Vyas 2019. See Bar et al. 2021 for a map.

Conservation status: endangered

Genome: Chang et al. 2023

Type species: Caretta nasuta RAFINESQUE 1814 is the type species of the genus Caretta RAFINESQUE 1814: 66. 
EtymologyThe genus (and species name) Caretta is a latinization of the French word caret (carey in Spanish and English), meaning turtle, tortoise, or sea turtle. 
References
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