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Emys trinacris FRITZ, FATTIZZO, GUICKING, TRIPEPI, PENNISI, LENK, JOGER & WINK, 2005

IUCN Red List - Emys trinacris - Data Deficient, DD
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Higher TaxaEmydidae, Emydinae, Testudinoidea, Testudines (turtles)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Sicilian pond turtle
G: Sizilianische Sumpfschildkröte
Italian: testuggine palustre siciliana 
SynonymEmys trinacris FRITZ, FATTIZZO, GUICKING, TRIPEPI, PENNISI, LENK, JOGER & WINK 2005
Emys trinacris — RHODIN et al. 2010
Emys orbicularis trinacris — SPEYBROECK et al. 2020
Emys orbicularis trinacris — SINDACO & RAZZETTI 2021
Emys trinacris — TTWG 2021 
DistributionItaly (Sicily), elevation 0-1036 m.

Type locality: corrected to “Laghetto Gianferraro, Coordinates (WGS84, decimal degrees): 14.497241 E, 37.951625 N
Elevation: 1007 m a.s.l.” by Marrone et al. 2016.  
Reproductionoviparous. 
TypesHolotype: MZUF 11136, Museo Zoologico ‘La Specola’, Florence. 
DiagnosisDiagnosis: A small Emys species (known maximum straight-line carapacial length: 145 mm) with a dark carapace and a mainly or entirely yellow plastron. Small dark blotches at the distal seams of the plastral scutes are rare but may occur; most frequently on the pectoral-abdominal and on the abdominal-femoral seams. Emys trinacris differs from the highly polytypic and morphologically variable E. orbicularis by its distinct mitochondrial and nuclear genes, indicating reproductive isolation. Morphologically, E. trinacris differs from the northern E. orbicularis subspecies by its distinctly smaller size and lighter colouration of the shell and soft parts; it differs from the orbicularis subspecies group of E. orbicularis, E. o. luteofusca, and E. o. iberica in that the iris of males is white instead of reddish. Among the small-sized southern subspecies of E. orbicularis, E. trinacris most closely resembles E. o. galloitalica in gross morphology; however, E. trinacris has a more ovoid, and not elongated, shell outline in dorsal view on average. A light brownish or yellowish brown primary colour of the carapace, which is frequent in E. o. galloitalica, is not known to occur in E. trinacris. 
CommentNot recognized by SINDACO & JEREMCENKO 2008.

Phylogeny: when using nuclear DNA, Spinks & Shaffer (2009) found E. trinacris to nest within E. orbicularis. However, when mtDNA was used, it appeared to be in a separate clade.

Habitat: freshwater (swamps, ponds, rivers) 
EtymologyNamed after the ancient Greek word for Sicily, “Trinacria” = triangular island, which is still used for Sicily in Italy. 
References
  • Bour, R. 2008. Global diversity of turtles (Chelonii; Reptilia) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia 595:593–598 - get paper here
  • Filippo Spadola, Gianni Insacco 2009. Endoscopy of cloaca in 51 Emys trinacris (Fritz et al., 2005): morphological and diagnostic study. Acta Herpetologica 4 (1): 73-81 - get paper here
  • Fritz, U.; Fattizzo, T.; Guicking, D., Tripepi, S.; Pennisi, M.G.; Lenk, P.; Joger, U. & Wink, M. 2005. A new cryptic species of pond turtle from southern Italy, the hottest spot in the range of the genus Emys (Reptilia, Testudines, Emydidae). Zoologica Scripta 34 (4): 351–371 - get paper here
  • Fritz, Uwe, Daniela Guicking, Hagi Gholi Kami, Marine Arakelyan, Markus Auer, Dínçer Ayaz, Ceesar Ayres Fernández, Andrey G. Bakiev, Antonia Celani, Georg Dzukic, Soumia Fahd, Peter Havas, Ulrich Joger, Viner Khabibullin, Lyudmila Mazanaeva, Pavel Si 2007. Mitochondrial phylogeography of European pond turtles Emys orbicularis, Emys trinacris - an update. Amphibia-Reptilia 28 (3): 418-426 - get paper here
  • Fritz, Uwe; D'Angelo, Stefania; Pennisi, Maria Grazia; Valvo, Mario Lo 2006. Variation of Sicilian pond turtles, Emys trinacris What makes a species cryptic? Amphibia-Reptilia 27 (4): 513-529 - get paper here
  • Joger, U.; Fritz, U.; Guicking, D.; Kalyabina-Hauf, S.; Nagy, Z.T. & Wink, M. 2007. Phylogeography of western Palaearctic reptiles – Spatial and temporal speciation patterns. Zoologischer Anzeiger 246: 293–313 - get paper here
  • Kwet, A. 2010. Reptilien und Amphibien Europas. Kosmos-Verlag, Stuttgart, 252 pp.
  • Kwet, Axel & Benny Trapp 2014. Liste der Reptilien Europas. Draco 15 (60): 72-79 - get paper here
  • Kwet, Axel & Benny Trapp 2014. Reptilien in Europa – eine aktuelle Übersicht. Draco 15 (60): 6-25 - get paper here
  • Marrone, Federico; Francesco Sacco, Vincenzo Arizza, Marco Arculeo 2016. Amendment of the type locality of the endemic Sicilian pond turtle Emys trinacris Fritz et al. 2005, with some notes on the highest altitude reached by the species (Testudines, Emydidae). Acta Herpetologica 11 (1): 59-61<br /> - get paper here
  • SCARDINO, RITA; MARCO ARCULEO, VINCENZO ARIZZA, GIUSEPPE BAZAN, MARIO LO VALVO, FEDERICO MARRONE & LUCA VECCHIONI. 2022. New distributional data on Haemogregarina stepanowi (Apicomplexa) and Placobdella costata (Hirudinea) parasitising the Sicilian pond turtle Emys trinacris (Testudines) Natural History Sciences. - get paper here
  • Seidel, Michael E. & Carl H. Ernst 2017. A Systematic Review of the Turtle Family Emydidae. Vertebrate Zoology 67 (1): 1–122 - get paper here
  • SINDACO, ROBERTO & EDOARDO RAZZETTI. 2021. An updated check-list of Italian amphibians and reptiles. Natural History Sciences 8(2): 35–46. - get paper here
  • Speybroeck, Jeroen; Wouter Beukema, Christophe Dufresnes, Uwe Fritz, Daniel Jablonski, Petros Lymberakis, Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Edoardo Razzetti, Melita Vamberger, Miguel Vences, Judit Vörös0, Pierre-André Crochet 2020. Species list of the European herpetofauna – 2020 update by the Taxonomic Committee of the Societas Europaea Herpetologica.. Amphibia-Reptilia 41: 139-189 - get paper here
  • Spinks, Phillip Q. & H. Bradley Shaffer 2009. CONFLICTING MITOCHONDRIAL AND NUCLEAR PHYLOGENIES FOR THE WIDELY DISJUNCT EMYS (TESTUDINES: EMYDIDAE) SPECIES COMPLEX, AND WHAT THEY TELL US ABOUT BIOGEOGRAPHY AND HYBRIDIZATION. Systematic Biology 58(1): 1-20 - get paper here
  • Termine, Rosa & Giuseppe Fabrizio Turrisi 2020. Amphibians and Reptiles of the Nature Reserve of Pergusa Lake (Enna, Italy), emphasizing Sicilian endemisms. Biodiversity Journal, 2020,11 (2): 639–646 - get paper here
  • TTWG; Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., Bour, R., Fritz, U., Georges, A., Shaffer, H.B., and van Dijk, P.P. 2021. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (9th Ed.). In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., van Dijk, P.P., Stanford, C.B., Goode, E.V., Buhlmann, K.A., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.). Chelonian Research Monographs 8:1–472. doi:10.3854/crm.8.checklist.atlas.v9.2021. - get paper here
  • TTWG; Rhodin, A.G.J.; van Dijk, P.P.; Iverson, J.B. & Shaffer, H.B. [turtle taxonomy working group] 2010. Turtles of the World, 2010 Update: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status. Chelonian Research Monographs (ISSN 1088-7105) No. 5, doi:10.3854/crm.5.000.checklist.v3.2010 - get paper here
  • Vamberger, M., Stuckas, H., Sacco, F., D'Angelo, S., Arculeo, M., Cheylan, M., Corti, C., Lo Valvo, M., Marrone, F., Wink, M., Fritz, U. 2015. Differences in gene flow in a twofold secondary contact zone of pond turtles in southern Italy (Testudines: Emydidae: Emys orbicularis galloitalica, E. o. hellenica, E. trinacris). Zoologica Scripta 44: 233–249 - get paper here
  • Vecchioni, Luca; Alessia Cicerone, Rita Scardino, Vincenzo Arizza, Marco Arculeo, Federico Marrone 2020. Sicilians are not easily hooked! First assessment of the impact of recreational fishing on the endemic Sicilian pond turtle Emys trinacris (Testudines, Emydidae). Herpetology Notes 13: 795-800 - get paper here
 
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