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Fowlea schnurrenbergeri (KRAMER, 1977)

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Higher TaxaColubridae (Natricinae), Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Bar-necked Keelback 
SynonymXenochrophis flavipunctatus schnurrenbergeri KRAMER 1977
Xenochrophis schnurrenbergeri — VOGEL & DAVID 2006
Xenochrophis schnurrenbergeri — WALLACH et al. 2014: 799
Fowlea schnurrenbergeri — PURKAYASTHA et al. 2019
Fowlea schnurrenbergeri — AMARASINGHE et al. 2022 
DistributionNepal, Pakistan, N India (Orissa = Odisha, lalpaiguri, West Bengal; Nishangara, Varanasi [Banares], Uttar Pradesh, and Pattamundei, Kendrapara), Bangladesh

Type locality: Devanandpur, Bhairawa, Nepal, 83° 28’, 27° 30’, 150 m elevation  
Reproductionoviparous (not imputed, fide Zimin et al. 2022) 
TypesHolotype: MHNG 1377.44 fide KRAMER 1977, from Java (in the Greater Sundas, Indonesia); Collected by Hans Schnurrenberger. 
DiagnosisDescription: This (sub-) species is characterized by (1) a dorsal pattern chess-like, but made of small dark blotches; (2) a broad, straight crossbar on the nape; (3) two well-defi ned subocular streaks, the posterior one extending from the eye to the corner of the mouth but not meeting the nuchal crossbar; (4) ventral and subcaudal scales all with entire, broad, dark margins [VOGEL & DAVID 2006]. Hemipenis is elongated extended up to subcaudals; the sulcus spermaticus bifurcates much below the apex and each lobe is a distinct elongated entering the disc at the apex; spines in hemipenis are evenly distributed throughout; prominent hooks below the point of bifurcation present (Purkayastha, et al. 2010)  
CommentSee also Xenochrophis piscator.

VIDAL et al. (2007) placed Xenochrophis in the family Natricidae.

Distribution: not in Pakistan fide KHAN 2004. See map in Amarasinghe et al. 2022: 213 (Fig. 9).

Habitat: mostly aquatic (flavipunctatus + schnurrenbergeri)

Behavior: diurnal. 
References
  • Amarasinghe, A. A., Bandara, S. K., Weerakkody, S., Campbell, P. D., Marques, D. A., Danushka, A. D., ... & Vogel, G. 2022. Systematics of the Sri Lankan Water Snakes of the Genus Fowlea Theobald 1868 (Reptilia: Natricidae). Herpetologica 78(3) : 201-219 - get paper here
  • Kästle , W., Rai, K. & Schleich, H.H. 2013. FIELD GUIDE to Amphibians and Reptiles of Nepal. ARCO-Nepal e.V., 625 pp. - get paper here
  • Kramer, E. 1977. Zur Schlangenfauna Nepals. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 84 (3): 721-761. - get paper here
  • Mahamud, I., Asif, A. A., Shome, A. R., & Rahman, M. M. 2022. New Record of Bar-Necked Keelback, Fowlea schnurrenbergeri (Kramer, 1977)(Squamata: Colubridae) in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Zoology, 50(2), 273-276 - get paper here
  • Mohapatra, Pratyush P., Sushil K. Dutta and Siba Prasad Parida. 2010. Report of Xenochrophis schnurrenbergeri Kramer, 1977 (Serpentes: Natricidae) from Orissa, India. Russ. J. Herpetol. 17 (2): 94-96 - get paper here
  • Purkayastha J. 2013. An Amateur’s Guide to Reptiles of Assam. EBH Publishers (India) - get paper here
  • Purkayastha, Jayaditya; JATIN KALITA, Rajeev Kungur Brahma, Robin Doley, MADHURIMA DAS 2018. A review of the relationships of Xenochrophis cerasogaster Cantor, 1839 (Serpentes: Colubridae) to its congeners. Zootaxa 4514 (1): 126-136, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4514.1.10 - get paper here
  • Purkayastha, Jayaditya; Madhurima Das, and Saibal Sengupta 2011. Urban herpetofauna: a case study in Guwahati City of Assam, India. Herpetology Notes 4: 195-202 - get paper here
  • Purkayastha, Jayaditya; Madhurima Das; Saibal Sengupta & Sushil K Dutta 2010. Notes on Xenochrophis schnurrenbergeri Kramer, 1977 (Serpentes: Colubridae) from Assam, India with some comments on its morphology anddistribution. Herpetology Notes 3: 175-180
  • Vogel, G. & Patrick David 2006. On the taxonomy of the Xenochrophis piscator complex (Serpentes, Natricidae). Herpetologica Bonnensis II: 241-246 - get paper here
  • Vogel, Gernot 2010. Zur Systematik der Schlangen der orientalischen Region: Forschungsdefizite führen zur Unterschätzung der Artenvielfalt. Ophidia 4 (2): 18-26 - get paper here
  • VOGEL, Gernot & Patrick DAVID 2012. A revision of the species group of Xenochrophis piscator (Schneider, 1799) (Squamata: Natricidae). Zootaxa 3473: 1–60 - get paper here
  • Wallach, Van; Kenneth L. Williams , Jeff Boundy 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. [type catalogue] Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp.
  • Zimin, A., Zimin, S. V., Shine, R., Avila, L., Bauer, A., Böhm, M., Brown, R., Barki, G., de Oliveira Caetano, G. H., Castro Herrera, F., Chapple, D. G., Chirio, L., Colli, G. R., Doan, T. M., Glaw, F., Grismer, L. L., Itescu, Y., Kraus, F., LeBreton 2022. A global analysis of viviparity in squamates highlights its prevalence in cold climates. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 00, 1–16 - get paper here
 
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