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Helicops angulatus (LINNAEUS, 1758)

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Higher TaxaColubridae (Dipsadinae), Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Brown-banded watersnake, Mountain Keelback
Portuguese: Cobra-D’água, Jararaca-D’água, Surucucurana, Trairamboia 
SynonymColuber angulatus LINNAEUS 1758: 217
Coluber alidras LINNAEUS 1758
Coluber Surinamensis SHAW 1802: 460
Natrix aspera WAGLER 1824: 37
Helicops angulatus — WAGLER 1830: 171
Helicops angulatus — DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL 1854: 746
Helicops angulatus — GÜNTHER 1861: 428
Helicops fumigatus COPE 1868: 308
Helicops cyclops COPE 1868: 309
Uranops angulatus — SCLATER 1891: 45
Helicops angulatus — BOULENGER 1893: 278
Helicops angulata — AMARAL 1925
Helicops angulata — BEEBE 1946: 28
Helicops angulatus — HOGE 1964: 56
Helicops angulatus — PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970: 123
Helicops angulatus — GASC & RODRIGUES 1980
Helicops angulatus — GORZULA & SEÑARIS 1999
Helicops angulatus — KAWASHITA-RIBEIRO et al. 2013
Helicops angulatus — WALLACH et al. 2014: 321
Helicops angulatus — NOGUEIRA et al. 2019
Helicops angulatus — MURPHY et al. 2020
Helicops cyclops — MURPHY et al. 2020
Helicops fumigatus — MURPHY et al. 2020 
DistributionVenezuela (Amazonas, Apure, Bolivar, Monagas, Delta Amacuro, Sucre, Portuguesa, Anzoátegui, Guárico, Cojedes), Colombia, Brazil (Pará, Rondonia, Goias, Mato Grosso, Sergipe, S Ceará, Acre, Bahia, Piauí, Paraíba, Pernambuco etc.), Bolivia, Peru, Trinidad, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana

Type locality: “Asia” (in error)  
Reproductionovovivparous and oviparous. Helicops angulatus is only one of a handful of snake species that are known to have both ovovivparous and oviparous reproduction (Rossman 1974, 1984, Braz et al. 2016, Murphy et al. 2020) 
TypesHolotype: NRM 17 (also given as RMS)
Holotype: NRM 18 [Coluber alidras]
Holotype: ANSP 5183 (ANSP 5131 fide Murphy et al. 2020); Brazil, Bahia [Helicops cyclops]
Holotype: ANSP 5132; Surinam; [Helicops fumigatus]
Lectotype: ZSM 1528/0, female [Natrix aspera] 
DiagnosisDiagnosis: Helicops angulatus can be distinguished from all its congeners except H. scalaris and H. apiaka by having subcaudal keels, 17–20 dorsal scale rows at midbody, and 103–123 ventrals. From H. scalaris it differs in having no intergenials (for information on references see Suppl. material 3; for summarized pholidosis information of the examined specimens see Table 1). For differentiation from H. apiaka see identification of H. apiaka (Schöneberg & Köhler 2021). 
CommentSynonymy partly after PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970. Boulenger (1893: 279) placed both H. cyclops and H. fumigatus into the synonymy of Helicops angulatus without comment. Murphy et al. 2020 revalidated H. cyclops from the synonym of H. angulatus but did not clarify which populations within H. angulatus (with a huge range over much of Northern South America) are referrable to H. cyclops (see their map in Fig. 1). Also Murphy sequenced at least 14 specimens of H. angulatus but show only 3 in their tree (Fig. 3). Finally, while they reproduce Cope’s description of H. cyclops, they did not provide a revised diagnosis for either angulatus and/or cyclops. Finally, Murphy et al. lists both cyclops and fumigatus as valid species but states, “Coluber surinamensis Shaw, Natrix asper Wagler, and Helicops fumigatus Cope are likely conspecific with H. angulatus.” 
EtymologyUnclear, but apparently from Latin angulatus = made angular, cornered, with angles, angular. 
References
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