Hypsirhynchus parvifrons (COPE, 1862)

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Higher Taxa	Colubridae (Dipsadinae), Alsophiini, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies	Hypsirhynchus parvifrons parvifrons (COPE 1862) Hypsirhynchus parvifrons alleni (DUNN 1920) Hypsirhynchus parvifrons lincolni (COCHRAN 1931) Hypsirhynchus parvifrons niger (DUNN 1920) Hypsirhynchus parvifrons paraniger (THOMAS & SCHWARTZ 1965) Hypsirhynchus parvifrons protenus (JAN & SORDELLI 1867) Hypsirhynchus parvifrons rosamondae (COCHRAN 1934) Hypsirhynchus parvifrons stygius (THOMAS & SCHWARTZ 1965) Hypsirhynchus parvifrons tortuganus (DUNN 1920)
Common Names	E: Common Hispaniolan Racer, Cope's Antilles Snake, Hispaniolan black racer
Synonym	Dromicus parvifrons COPE 1862: 79 Dromicus parvifrons — COPE 1879: 273 Leptophis frenatus FISCHER 1883: 8 Dromicus parvifrons — GARMAN 1887: 282 Dromicus parvifrons — FISCHER 1888: 40 Antillophis parvifrons — MAGLIO 1970 Antillophis parvifrons — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1991: 580 Antillophis parvifrons — ZAHER et al. 2009 Hypsirhynchus parvifrons — HEDGES et al. 2009 Antillophis parvifrons — GRAZZIOTIN et al. 2012 Antillophis parvifrons — WALLACH et al. 2014: 45 Hypsirhynchus parvifrons alleni (DUNN 1920) Leimadophis alleni DUNN 1920 Antillophis parvifrons alleni — FRANZ & GICCA 1982 Hypsirhynchus parvifrons alleni — HEDGES et al. 2009 Hypsirhynchus parvifrons lincolni (COCHRAN 1931) Leimadophis parvifrons lincolni COCHRAN 1931: 91 Hypsirhynchus parvifrons lincolni — HEDGES et al. 2009 Hypsirhynchus parvifrons niger (DUNN 1920) Leimadophis parvifrons niger DUNN 1920 Leimadophis parvifrons niger — SCHMIDT 1921 Hypsirhynchus parvifrons niger — HEDGES et al. 2009 Hypsirhynchus parvifrons paraniger (THOMAS and SCHWARTZ 1965) Dromicus parvifrons paraniger THOMAS & SCHWARTZ 1965 Hypsirhynchus parvifrons paraniger — HEDGES et al. 2009 Hypsirhynchus parvifrons protenus (JAN 1867) Dromicus protenus JAN 1863 (nom. nud.) Dromicus protenus JAN 1867 Leimadophis parvifrons protenus — DUNN 1920: 38 Leimadophis parvifrons protenus — SCHMIDT 1921 Hypsirhynchus parvifrons protenus — COCHRAN 1941 Antillophis parvifrons protenus — POWELL et al. 1991 Antillophis parvifrons protenus — HEDGES et al. 2009 Hypsirhynchus parvifrons rosamondae (COCHRAN 1934) Dromicus parvifrons rosamondae COCHRAN 1934: 186 Hypsirhynchus parvifrons rosamondae — HEDGES et al. 2009 Hypsirhynchus parvifrons stygius (THOMAS and SCHWARTZ 1965) Dromicus parvifrons stygius THOMAS & SCHWARTZ 1965 Hypsirhynchus parvifrons stygius — HEDGES et al. 2009 Antillophis parvifrons tortuganus (DUNN 1920) Leimadophis tortuganus DUNN 1920 Hypsirhynchus parvifrons tortuganus — HEDGES et al. 2009
Distribution	Hispaniola (Haiti, Dominican Republic), Bahamas, Little Inagua parvifrons: Hispaniola: Haiti; the Tiburon Peninsula; Île Grande Cayemite; Grosse Caye; intergrades with A. p. protenus. Type locality: Near Jérémie, Département de la Grand'Anse, Haiti. alleni: Île de la Gonâve, Île Petite Gonâve. Type locality: Gonaïves Island (= ne de la Gonave), Haiti. lincolni: Isla Beata and Peninsula de Barahona south of Sierra de Baoruco, República Dominicana; intergrades with A. p. protenus. Type locality: Isla Beata, Republica Dominicana. niger: Peninsula de Samana, República Dominicana. Type locality: La Vega, La Vega Province, Republica Dominicana: changed by Thomas and Schwartz, 1965, Rev. BioI. Trop. 13(1):70, to Samana, Samana Province, Republica Dominicana. paraniger: Southeastern República Dominicana; Isla Catalina; intergrades with A. p. protenus. Type locality: 17 km E Boca Chica, San Pedro de Macoris Province, Republica Dominicana. protenus: Throughout Hispaniola, except for distributions of mainland subspecies parvifrons, lincolni, niger, and paraniger. Type locality: Port-au-Prince, Haiti. rosamondae: Île-à-Vache. Type locality: lIe-à-Vache, Haiti. stygius: Isla Saona. Type locality: Environs of Mano Juan, Isla Saona, Republica Dominicana. tortuganus: Île de la Tortue. Type locality: lIe de la Tortue, Haiti.
Reproduction	oviparous
Types	Syntypes: MCZ 3344, MCZ 3602 Holotype: MCZ 12861 [alleni] Holotype: USNM 83890 [lincolni] Holotype: MCZ 7833 [niger] Holotype: MCZ 77227 [paraniger] Holotype: ZMH R09317 [protenus] Holotype: MCZ 37668 [rosamondae] Holotype: MCZ 77228 [stygius] Holotype: USNM 59440 [tortuganus]
Diagnosis	Diagnosis (genus Antillophis): Asulcate surfaces of hemipenial lobes completely nude except for a row of two to three enlarged papillae aligned vertically on the lobular crotch and proximal region of the lobes; hemipenes long and slender (hemipenial body at least 4–5 length of lobes) [GRAZZIOTIN et al. 2012].
Comment	For illustrations see Cochran, 1941; Thomas and Schwartz, 1965; Sajdak and Henderson, 1982. Type species: Dromicus parvifrons COPE 1862 is the type species of the genus Antillophis MAGLIO 1970, which has been considered as a synonym of Hypsirhynchus (type species: Hypsirhynchus ferox GÜNTHER 1858) by HEDGES et al. 2009. However, GRAZZIOTIN et al. 2012 resurrected Antillophis as a monotypic genus. See Fig. 2 in GRAZZIOTIN et al. 2012 for phylogenetic relationships between Hypsirhynchus s.str., Antillophis, and Schwartzophis (all of which are included in Hypsirhynchus here). rosamondae: Etymology: named after Mrs. Thomas Barbour.
Etymology	Named after parvi-, meaning "small, little," derived from Latin parvus = "small" and Latin frōns (= “the forehead, brow, front”). It is referring to the small forehead of the species. The generic name Hypsirhynchus is derived from the Greek hypsi (on high) and rhynchus (snout), in apparent reference to the upturned snout of the members of this genus. The subspecies tortuguanus is named after the type locality [Tortuga Island, Haiti]
References	Cochran, D. M. 1931. New reptiles from Beata Island, Dominican Republic. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 44: 89-92 - get paper here Cochran, D. M. 1934. Herpetological collections made in Hispaniola by the Utowana Expedition. Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 8: 163-188 Cochran, D.M. 1941. The herpetology of Hispaniola. Bull. US Natl. Mus. 177: vii + 398 pp. - get paper here Cope, E.D. 1862. Synopsis of the species of Holcosus and Ameiva, with diagnoses of new West Indian and South American Colubridae. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 14: 60-82. - get paper here Cope, E.D. 1879. Eleventh contribution to the herpetology of tropical America. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 18: 261-277. - get paper here Dunn, E.R. 1920. On the Haitian snakes of the genera Leimadophis and Uromacer. Proc. New England Zool. Club 7: 37-44 - get paper here Fischer, J.G. 1888. Über eine Kollektion Reptilien und Amphibien von Hayti. Jahrb. Hamburg. Wiss. Anst. 5: 23-45. - get paper here Franz, R. & D.F. Gicca 1982. Observations on the Haitian Snake Antillophis parvifrons alleni Journal of Herpetology 16 (4): 419-421. - get paper here Garman, S. 1887. On West Indian reptiles in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Mass. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 24: 278-286. - get paper here Grazziotin, Felipe G.; Hussam Zaher, Robert W. Murphy, Gustavo Scrocchi, Marco A. Benavides, Ya-Ping Zhang and Sandro L. Bonatto 2012. Molecular phylogeny of the New World Dipsadidae (Serpentes: Colubroidea): a reappraisal. Cladistics DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00393.x - get paper here Hedges, S. Blair; Arnaud Couloux; Vidal, Nicolas 2009. Molecular phylogeny, classification, and biogeography of West Indian racer snakes of the Tribe Alsophiini (Squamata, Dipsadidae, Xenodontinae). Zootaxa 2067: 1-28 - get paper here Maglio, Vincent J. 1970. West Indian Xenodontine colubrid snakes: Their probable origin, phylogeny, and zoogeography. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard 141 (1): 1-54 - get paper here Powell, R., S.A. Maxey, J.S. Parmerlee, Jr. & D.D. Smith 1991. Notes on the Reproductive Biology of a Montane Population of Antillophis parvifrons protenus (Serpentes: Colubridae) from the Dominican Republic Journal of Herpetology 25 (1): 121-122. - get paper here Sajdak, R.A., and Henderson, R.W. 1982. Notes on the eggs and young of Antillophis parvifrons stygius (Reptilia, Serpentes, Colubridae). Florida Scientist 45(3): 200-4. - get paper here Schmidt, K. P. 1921. Notes on the herpetology of Santo Domingo. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 44: 7-20. - get paper here Schwartz, A. & Henderson, R.W. 1991. Amphibians and Reptiles of the West Indies. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, 720 pp. Thomas, R. and Schwartz, A. 1965. Hispaniolan snakes of the genus Dromicus (Colubridae). Revista de Biologia Tropical 13 (1):58-83. - get paper here Wallach, Van; Kenneth L. Williams , Jeff Boundy 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. [type catalogue] Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp. Zaher, Hussam; Grazziotin, Felipe Gobbi; Cadle, John E.; Murphy, Robert W.; Moura-Leite, Julio Cesar de; Bonatto, Sandro L 2009. Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines: a revised classification and descriptions of new taxa. Pap. Avulsos Zool. (São Paulo) 49 (11): 115-153 - get paper here
External links	IUCN Red List National Center for Biotechnology Information http://www.kingsnake.com/westindian/diapsida3.html https://www.facebook.com/groups/stshc/posts/374578248100113/ http://www.artsci.wustl.edu/~reglor/snakegall/snakegall.html http://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/47B3F6FF-A157-4C41-8070-FFE53FD36EDF https://www.facebook.com/groups/stshc/posts/511068167784453/ Google images

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