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Kinosternon flavescens (AGASSIZ, 1857)

IUCN Red List - Kinosternon flavescens - Least Concern, LC
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Higher TaxaKinosternidae (Kinosterninae), Kinosternoidea, Testudines (turtles)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Yellow Mud Turtle
S: Casquito de Amarillo 
SynonymPlatythyra flavescens AGASSIZ 1857: 430
Cinosternon flavescens AGASSIZ 1857:260
Cinosternum flavescens COPE 1875
Kinosternon flavescens flavescens HARTWEG 1938
Kinosternon flavescens spooneri SMITH 1951: 195
Kinosternon flavescens flavescens — WERMUTH & MERTENS 1977: 6
Kinosternon flavescens spooneri — WERMUTH & MERTENS 1977: 6
Kinosternon flavescens — STEBBINS 1985: 98
Kinosternon flavescens spooneri — CONANT & COLLINS 1991: 49
Kinosternon flavescens flavescens — CONANT & COLLINS 1991: 49
Kinosternon flavescens — CONANT & COLLINS 1991: 48
Kinosternon flavescens — LINER 1994
Kinosternon flavescens — CROTHER 2000
Kinosternon flavescens — RHODIN et al. 2010
Kinosternon flavescens — TTWG 2014: 347
Kinosternon flavescens — TTWG 2021 
DistributionUSA (Arizona, Kansas, Arkansas ?, W Nebraska, E Colorado, E New Mexico, SE Iowa, NW Illinois, Missouri, Mississippi, SE Oklahoma, E Texas); Mexico (N Chihuahua, NE Coahuila, W Nuevo Leon, SW Tamaulipas, NW Veracruz)

Type locality: Waco, Texas (restricted by K.P. SCHMIDT 1953)  
Reproductionoviparous. This species shows temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD). 
TypesTypes: USNM 50, 131823 und 7892, MCZ 1918 und 1919
Lectotype: USNM 50 (designated by IVERSON 1978; pers comm. antvet 30 Jul 2012). 
Diagnosis 
CommentSynonymy: Kinosternon flavescens spooneri has been synonymized with flavescens flavescens by BERRY & BERRY 1984. SERB et al. (2001) suggested to elevate K. f. arizonense and K. f. durangoense to full “phylogenetic” species status. Kinosternon flavescens stejnegeri HARTWEG 1938 has been synonymized with K. arizonense.

Habitat: freshwater (swamps, quiet rivers)

Distribution: see map in Iverson & Christiansen 2023 
EtymologyNamed after Latin flavus = yellow and Latin -escens = becoming or “yellowish”, referring to the yellow color on the underside of the jaw and throat. 
References
  • Agassiz, Louis 1857. Contributions to the Natural History of the United States of America. vol. 1. Little, Brown & Co., Boston, lii + 452 pp. - get paper here
  • Axtell, Ralph W. 1959. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF THE BLACK GAP WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AREA, BREWSTER COUNTY, TEXAS. Southwestern Naturalist 4 (2): 88-109
  • Bartlett, R. D. & Bartlett, P. 1999. A Field Guide to Texas Reptiles and Amphibians. Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, Texas, 331 pp.
  • Bergman, Enoch; Manzer, Jerry D.; Childers, Theresa; Mackessy, Stephen P. 1998. Geographic distribution. Kinosternon flavescens flavescens. Herpetological Review 29 (4): 247 - get paper here
  • Berry J F; Berry C M 1984. A re-analysis of geographic variation and systematics in the yellow mud turtle, Kinosternon flavescens (Agassiz). Annals of the Carnegie Museum 53 (7): 185-206 - get paper here
  • BOHANNON, A. M. A., H. D. ROCKETT, AND M. R. J. FORSTNER 2020. Geographic Distribution: Kinosternon flavescens (Yellow Mud Turtle). USA: Texas: Guadalupe Co. Herpetological Review 51: 270.
  • Bonin, F., Devaux, B. & Dupré, A. 2006. Turtles of the World. English translation by P.C.H. Pritchard. Johns Hopkins University Press, 416 pp.
  • Bour, R. 2008. Global diversity of turtles (Chelonii; Reptilia) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia 595:593–598 - get paper here
  • Burt, Charles E. 1935. Further records of the ecology and distribution of amphibians and reptiles in the middle west. American Midland Naturalist 16 (3): 311-336 - get paper here
  • Cahn, A. 1931. Kinosternon flavescens: A Surprising Turtle Record from Illinois. Copeia, 1931(3), 120-123 - get paper here
  • Cahn, A.R. 1931. Kinosternon flavescens: A Surprising Turtle Record from Illinois Copeia 1931 (3): 120-123. - get paper here
  • Christianen, J.L. & J.W. Bickham 1989. Possible Historic Effects of Pond Drying and Winterkill on the Behavior of Kinosternon flavescens and Chrysemys picta Journal of Herpetology 23 (1): 91-94. - get paper here
  • Christiansen, J.L. & A.E. Dunham 1972. Reproduction of the Yellow Mud Turtle (Kinosternon flavescens flavescens) in New Mexico Herpetologica 28 (2): 130-137. - get paper here
  • Christiansen, J.L., B.J. Gallaway, and J.W. Bickham 1990. Population estimates and geographic distribution of the yellow mud turtle (Kinosternon flavescens) in Iowa. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Sciences 97:105-108
  • Christiansen, J.L., D.R. Davis, E.R. Jacobson & T.J. LaDuc 2020. Carapacial Shell Disease Process Revealed by a Long-term Field Study of the Yellow Mud Turtle, Kinosternon flavescens, in Texas Journal of Herpetology 54 (1): 1-8. - get paper here
  • Christiansen, James L.; Neil P. Bernstein, Christopher A. Phillips, Jeffrey T. Briggler, and Don Kangas 2012. Declining Populations of Yellow Mud Turtles (Kinosternon flavescens) in Iowa, Illinois, and Missouri. Southwestern Naturalist 57 (3): 304-313 - get paper here
  • Conant, Roger; Berry, James F. 1978. Turtles of the family Kinosternidae in the Southwestern United States and adjacent Mexico: Identification and distribution. American Museum Novitates (2642): 1-18 - get paper here
  • Conant,R. & Collins,J.T. 1991. A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern/Central North America, 3rd ed. Houghton Mifflin (Boston/New York), xx + 450 p.
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  • DAVIS, DREW R.; PADRAIC S. ROBINSON & TRAVIS J. LADUC. 2021. KINOSTERNON FLAVESCENS (Yellow Mud Turtle). REPRODUCTION. Herpetological Review 52 (2): 391–392. - get paper here
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  • Ernst,C.H. and Barbour,R.W. 1989. Turtles of the World. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. - London
  • Forrester, A J & Geluso, K; 2018. Geographic Distribution: Kinosternon flavescens (Yellow Mud Turtle). Herpetological Review 49 (4): 712 - get paper here
  • Forrester, Ashley J. and Keith Geluso. 2016. Geographic Distribution: Kinosternon flavescens (Yellow Mud Turtle). Herpetological Review 47 (2): 253 - get paper here
  • Gilmore, C.W. 1922. A new fossil turtle, Kinosternon arizonense, from Arizona. Proc. US Natl. Mus. 63, Art. 5: 1-8 - get paper here
  • Hartweg, Norman 1938. Kinosternon flavescens stejnegeri, a new turtle from northern Mexico. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan (371): 1-5 - get paper here
  • Hedrick, Ashley and Iverson, John B. 2017. Kinosternon flavescens (Yellow Mud Turtle) Female growth and longevity. Herpetological Review 48 (1): 178-179 - get paper here
  • Hibbitts, Troy D. and Terry L. Hibbitts 2016. Texas Turtles & Crocodilians: a Field Guide. University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas. xvi + 276 pp., 117 photos, 36 maps. ISBN 978-1477307779.
  • Hogan, Kevin D.;Smith, Donald D. 1997. Geographic Distribution. Kinosternon flavescens flavescens. Herpetological Review 28 (2): 94 - get paper here
  • Houseal,W.; Bickham,J.W. & Springer,M.D. 1982. Geographic variation in the Yellow Mud Turtle, Kinosternon flavescens. Copeia 1982 (1): 212-225 - get paper here
  • Iverson, J. B. 1979. A taxonomic reappraisal of the yellow mud turtle, Kinosternon flavescens (Testudines: Kinosternidae). Copeia 1979 (2): 212-225 - get paper here
  • Iverson, J. B. 1979. On the validity of Kinosternon arizonense Gilmore. Copeia 1979 (1): 175-177 - get paper here
  • Iverson, J. B. 1991. Phylogenetic hypothesis for the evolution of modern Kinosternine turtles. Herpetological Monographs 5: 1-27 - get paper here
  • Iverson, J.B. 1991. Life History and Demography of the Yellow Mud Turtle, Kinosternon flavescens Herpetologica 47 (4): 373-395. - get paper here
  • Iverson, J.B. and Christiansen, J.L. 2023. Kinosternon flavescens (Agassiz 1857) – Yellow Mud Turtle, Casquito Amarillo. In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., van Dijk, P.P., Stanford, C.B., Goode, E.V., Buhlmann, K.A., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.). Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turt - get paper here
  • Iverson, J.B., & Berry, J.F. 1979. The mud turtle genus Kinosternon in northeastern Mexico. Herpetologica 35 (4): 318-324. - get paper here
  • Iverson, John B. 1989. The Arizona mud turtle, Kinosternon flavescens arizonense (Kinosternidae), in Arizona and Sonora. Southwestern Naturalist 34 (3): 356-368 - get paper here
  • Iverson, John B.; Rebecca L. Prosser, and Evan N. Dalton 2009. ORIENTATION IN JUVENILES OF A SEMIAQUATIC TURTLE, KINOSTERNON FLAVESCENS. Herpetologica 65 (3): 237-245 - get paper here
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  • Lardie, R.L. 1975. Courtship and Mating Behavior in the Yellow Mud Turtle, Kinosternon flavescens flavescens Journal of Herpetology 9 (2): 223-227. - get paper here
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  • Long, D.R. 1985. Lipid Utilization during Reproduction in Female Kinosternon flavescens Herpetologica 41 (1): 58-65. - get paper here
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  • Punzo, Fred 1974. A Qualitative and Quantitative Study of the Food Items of the Yellow Mud Turtle, Kinosternon flavescens (Agassiz). Journal of Herpetology 8 (3): 269-271 - get paper here
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