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Kinosternon scorpioides (LINNAEUS, 1766)

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Higher TaxaKinosternidae (Kinosterninae), Kinosternoidea, Testudines (turtles)
SubspeciesKinosternon scorpioides scorpioides (LINNAEUS 1766)
Kinosternon scorpioides albogulare (DUMÉRIL & BOCOURT 1870)
Kinosternon scorpioides cruentatum DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL 1851 
Common NamesE: Scorpion Mud Turtle
cruentatum: Red-cheeked Mud Turtle
S: Tortuga Escorpión
Portuguese: Cabeçudinho, Cágado, Jurará, Muçuã, Peito-de-Mola 
SynonymTestudo scorpioides LINNAEUS 1766
Testudo tricarinata SCHOEPFF 1792
Testudo retzii DAUDIN 1802
Kinosternon shawianum BELL 1825
Kinosternon scorpioides — GRAY 1831
Cinosternon Scorpioides — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1835: 363
Kinosternon scorpioides — BELL 1836-1842
Cinosternon shawianum — BOCOURT 1876: 387
Cinosternon scorpioides — BOCOURT 1876: 396
Cinosternum scorpioides — BOULENGER 1889
Kinosternon scorpioides — ERNST & BARBOUR 1989: 82
Kinosternon scorpioides — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1991: 171
Kinosternon scorpioides — KÖHLER 2000: 26
Kinosternon scorpioides — TTWG 2014: 349
Kinosternon scorpiodes — BARRETO et al. 2020 (in error)
Kinosternon scorpioides — TTWG 2021

Kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides (LINNAEUS 1766)
Testudo retzii DAUDIN 1801:174
Kinosternon shavianum BELL 1825:302
Monoclida retziana RAFINESQUE 1832:64 (nomen novum)
Kinosternon longicaudatum SPIX 1824
Kinosternon brevicaudatum SPIX 1824
Cinosternum scorpioides scorpioides — SIEBENROCK 1907
Cinosternum scorpioides integrum forma brasiliana SIEBENROCK 1907
Kinosternon scorpioides seriei FREIBERG 1936
Kinosternon scorpioides pachyurum MÜLLER & HELLMICH 1936
Kinosternon panamensis SCHMIDT 1946
Kinosternon scorpioides panamense — MERTENS & WERMUTH 1955
Kinosternon scorpioides carajasensis CUNHA 1970
Kinosternon scorpioides carajasensis — ERNST & BARBOUR 1989: 83
Kinosternon scorpioides seriei — ERNST & BARBOUR 1989: 83
Kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides — GORZULA & SEÑARIS 1999
Kinosternon scorpioides pachyurum MÜLLER & HELLMICH 1936
Kinosternon scorpioides pachyurum MÜLLER & HELLMICH 1936
Kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides — RHODIN et al. 2010
Kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides — TTWG 2021

Kinosternon scorpioides albogulare DUMÉRIL & BOCOURT 1870
Cinosternon albogulare DUMÉRIL & BOCOURT 1870
Cinosternon albogulare — GRAY 1873: 113
Cinosternon albogulare — BOCOURT 1876: 399
Cinosternum albogulare — GÜNTHER 1885: 14
Kinosternon scorpioides albogulare — DUNN & SAXE 1950
Kinosternon scorpioides albogulare — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1991: 171
Kinosternon scorpioides albogulare — RHODIN et al. 2010
Kinosternon scorpioides albogulare — TTWG 2014: 349
Kinosternon albogulare — MCCRANIE 2015
Kinosternon scorpioides albogulare — TTWG 2017
Kinosternon albogulare — MCCRANIE 2018
Kinosternon scorpioides albogulare — TTWG 2021
Kinosternon albogulare — SUNYER & MARTÍNEZ-FONSECA 2023

Kinosternon scorpioides cruentatum DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL 1851
Cinosternon scorpioides cruentatum DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL 1851
Kinosternum mexicanum LE CONTE 1854
Kinosternum triliratum LE CONTE 1860
Cinosternon cruentatum — BOCOURT 1876: 398
Cinosternum cruentatum — GÜNTHER 1885: 13
Cinosternum triliratum — GÜNTHER 1885: 14
Cinosternum cruentatum BOULENGER 1889
Kinosternon cruentatum cruentatum — WETTSTEIN 1934
Kinosternon cruentatum consors STEJNEGER 1941
Kinosternon cruentatum consors STEJNEGER 1941
Kinosternon scorpioides cruentatum — MERTENS 1952: 35
Kinosternon cruentatum — WILLIAMS & WILSON 1965
Kinosternon cruentatum — KABISCH & OBST 1968
Kinosternon scorpioides cruentatum — ERNST & BARBOUR 1989
Kinosternon scorpioides cruentatum — KÖHLER 2000: 26
Kinosternon scorpioides cruentatum — ACUÑA & MERCHÁN 2003
Kinosternon scorpioides cruentatum — RHODIN et al. 2010
Kinosternon scorpioides cruentatum — TTWG 2014: 349
Kinosternon scorpioides cruentatum — TTWG 2021 
DistributionMexico (Campeche, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosí, Veracruz, Yucatan, Chiapas, Hidalgo, Morelos), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia (Amazonas, Antioquia, Arauca, Atlantico, Bolivar, Caldas, Caqueta, Casanare, Cesar, Choco, Cordoba, Guainia, Magdalena, Meta, Putumayo, San Andres, Norte de Santander, Sucre, Vaupes, Vichada), Ecuador, Venezuela (Amazonas, Apure, Aragua, Bolivar, Cojedes, Falcon, Guarico, Lara, Monagas, Portuguesa, Sucre, Tachira, Trujillo, Yaracuy, Zulia), French Guiana, Guyana, Brazil (Acre, Alagoas, Amapa, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceara, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Para, Paraiba, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio Grande do Norte, Rondonia, Sergipe, Tocantins, Roraima), Argentina (Formosa, Jujuy, Salta, Tucuman), Paraguay, Bolivia, N Peru (Amazonas, Huanuco, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Ucayali), Suriname, Trinidad

Type locality: Surinam.

scorpioides: Panama, Colombia (Amazonas, Antioquia, Arauca, Atlantico, Bolivar, Caldas, Caqueta, Casanare, Cesar, Choco, Cordoba, Guainia, Magdalena, Meta, Putumayo, San Andres, Norte de Santander, Sucre, Vaupes, Vichada), Ecuador, Venezuela (Amazonas, Apure, Aragua, Bolivar, Cojedes, Falcon, Guarico, Lara, Monagas, Portuguesa, Sucre, Tachira, Trujillo, Yaracuy, Zulia), French Guiana, Guyana, Brazil (Acre, Alagoas, Amapa, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceara, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Para, Paraiba, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio Grande do Norte, Rondonia, Sergipe, Tocantins, Roraima), Argentina (Formosa, Jujuy, Salta, Tucuman, Chaco), Paraguay, Bolivia, N Peru (Amazonas, Huanuco, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Ucayali), Suriname, Trinidad

albogulare: Nicaragua, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, Isla Cañas, Colombia (Isla San Andrés).

cruentatum: Honduras, NE Nicaragua north to Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, Yucatan, Veracruz, Tamaulipas, Morelos), Guatemala; Type locality: San Mateo del Mar, Oaxaca (designated by SMITH & TAYLOR 1950)  
ReproductionOviparous. Exhibits temperature‐dependent sex determination (TSD) fide Cornejo-Páramo et al. 2020 (and references therein). 
TypesHolotype: lost (fide Smith and Smith “1979” 1980), Berry & Iverson 2001).
Syntypes: MNHN-RA 1760 and MNHN-RA 4349; paratypes: USNM 7519-29, fide Berry & Iverson 2001 [albogulare]
Holotype: MPEG [carajasensis]
Holotype: MNHN-RA 1759, a subadult female [cruentatum]
Holotype: ANSP 90 [mexicanum]
Holotype: USNM 117369 [panamensis]
Holotype: USNM 13912 [consors]
Holotype: MACN 7040 [seriei] 
DiagnosisDiagnosis (genus): “Cinosternum Spix zeichnet sich aber wegen Mangels des Entoplastrons vor Claudius Cope und Staurotypus Wagl. durch eine geringere Zahl Plastralknochen aus. Darin liegt mehr als ein generischer 
CommentSynonymy and subspecies: Cabrera & Colantonia (1997) proposed to synonymize both K. s. seriei and K. s. carajasensis with Kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides. K. s. cruentatum is considered as a synonym of Kinosternon scorpioides by Legler 1965 and Iverson 1976. Kinosternon scorpioides integrum (LE CONTE 1854) has been elevated to full species status.

Subspecies: Kinosternon scorpioides abaxillare (BAUR 1925) is now considered as a valid species.

Distribution: Not listed for Honduras by WILSON & MCCRANIE (2002). Not in Querétaro fide Tepos-Ramírez M et al. (2023).

Type species: Kinosternon longicaudatum SPIX 1824 and Kinosternon brevicaudatum SPIX 1824 (= Kinosternon scorpioides) are the types of the genus Kinosternon SPIX 1824 (fide STEJNEGER 1902: 237). Kinosternon is also the type genus of the family Kinosternidae and the subfamily Kinosterninae SIEBENROCK 1902:105.

Habitat: freshwater (swamps, quiet rivers) 
EtymologyThe specific name scorpioides is derived from the Latin word "scorpio," probably in reference to the horny spine on the tip of the tail. Together with the Latin ending "oides," the full meaning translates to "similar to a scorpion" (Lemos-Espinal & Dixon 2013).

The genus name Kinosternon was derived from the Greek words kinetos, meaning "movable" and sternon, meaning "chest," in reference to the plastral hinges. (Lemos-Espinal & Dixon 2013).

 
References
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