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Micrurus filiformis (GÜNTHER, 1859)

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Higher TaxaElapidae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Thread coral snake, Slender Coral Snake
Portuguese: Cobra-Coral, Cobra-Coral-Comprida, Cobra-Coral-Fina, Cobra-Coral-Vermelha, Coral-Verdadeira 
SynonymElaps filiformis GÜNTHER 1859
Micrurus filiformis — AMARAL 1925
Micrurus filiformis subtilis ROZE 1967
Micrurus filiformis — WELCH 1994: 83
Micrurus filiformis — WALLACH et al. 2014: 446
Micrurus filiformis — NOGUEIRA et al. 2019 
DistributionS Colombia, N Brazil, N Peru

filiformis: Amzonian region from S Colombia to N Peru

subtilis: NE Brazil (Amzonas) S/SE Colombia to NE Peru

Type locality: Para, Brazil.  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesHolotype: BMNH 1946.1.20.13, adult male, (formerly BMNH 1946.1.20.13) from State of Pará, Brazil. 
DiagnosisDiagnosis. An elongate and excessively thin-bodied species in which the elongate character of lemniscatus is exaggerated; with the lemniscatus head and body pattern, but with more numerous triads and a higher ventral count in both sexes [from SCHMIDT 1955].

Diagnosis. Micrurus filiformis can be distinguished from all congeners by having the following com- bination of characters: (1) slender body (diameter >5mm); (2) black snout with a white band above internasals, prefrontals, and first two pairs of supral- abials; (3) black band over most frontal and parietal shields; (4) red gular scales; (5) genials and first four pairs of infralabials uniformly black; (6) 11-23 body triads; (7) no supra-anal tubercles; (8) ventral scales 270-316 in males and 275-333 in females; (9) sub- caudal scales 33-45 in males and 30-41 in females (Figures 2 and 3) [from FEITOSA et al. 2007]. 
CommentVenomous!

Distribution: Not in Ecuador fide Torres-Carvajal et al. 2019: 299 ff). See map in Nogueira et al. 2019. 
EtymologyLatin from filum meaning thread and forma meaning shape or figure; thus filiformis means threadlike or in the form of a thread, describing well this slender species. Subtilis is a Latin word for slender or thin. 
References
  • Avila-Pires, Teresa C.S.; Kleiton R. Alves-Silva, Laís Barbosa, Fabrício S. Correa, Jorge F. A. Cosenza, Ana Paula V. Costa-Rodrigues, Aurea A. Cronemberger, Marinus S. Hoogmoed, Geraldo R. Lima-Filho, Adriano O. Maciel, Alexandre F. R. Missassi, Lyw 2018. Changes in Amphibian and Reptile Diversity Over Time in Parque Estadual do Utinga, a Protected Area Surrounded by Urbanization. Herpetology Notes 11: 499-512 - get paper here
  • Campbell, J.A. & Lamar, W.W. 1989. The Venomous Reptiles of Latin America. Comstock Publishing/Cornell University Press, Ithaca
  • Feitosa, Darlan T., Paulo P. Passos and Ana Lúcia Prudente. 2007. Taxonomic status and geographic variation of the slender coralsnake Micrurus filiformis (Günther, 1859) (Serpentes, Elapidae). South American J. Herp. 2 (3): 149-156
  • Gonzalez R. C. et al. 2020. Lista dos Nomes Populares dos Répteis no Brasil – Primeira Versão. Herpetologia Brasileira 9 (2): 121 – 214 - get paper here
  • Günther,A. 1859. On the genus Elaps of Wagner. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1859: 79-89 - get paper here
  • Hurtado-Gémez, Juan Pablo; Andrés Felipe Aponte-Gutiérrez, Vicente Javier Preciado, Uwe Fritz, Mario Vargas-Ramírez 2021. Morphological and Molecular Evidence Reveals the First Record of the Coral Snake Micrurus filiformis (Serpentes: Elapidae) as Prey of the Piranha Pygocentrus cariba (Teleostei: Serrasalmidae). Russian Journal of Herpetology 28 (2): 117-121 - get paper here
  • Nogueira, Cristiano C.; Antonio J.S. Argôlo, Vanesa Arzamendia, Josué A. Azevedo, Fausto E. Barbo, Renato S. Bérnils, Bruna E. Bolochio, Marcio Borges-Martins, Marcela Brasil-Godinho, Henrique Braz, Marcus A. Buononato, Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia, 2019. Atlas of Brazilian snakes: verified point-locality maps to mitigate the Wallacean shortfall in a megadiverse snake fauna. South American J. Herp. 14 (Special Issue 1):1-274 - get paper here
  • Pedroza-Banda, Raúl; Jhon Jairo Ospina-Sarria, Teddy Angarita-Sierra, Marvin Anganoy-Criollo, John D. Lynch 2014. Estado de la fauna de anfibios y reptiles del Casanare Ciencias naturales Estado del conocimiento de la fauna de anfibios y reptiles del departamento de Casanare, Colombia. Rev. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. 38 (146): 17-34 - get paper here
  • Pérez-Santos,C. & Moreno, A.G. 1988. Ofidios de Colombia. Museo reegionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino, Monographie VI, 517 pp.
  • Roze, Jánis A 1967. A checklist of the New World venomous Coral Snakes (Elapidae), with descriptions of new forms. American Museum Novitates (2287): 1-60 - get paper here
  • Santos-Costa, Maria Cristina dos; Gleomar Fabiano Maschio, Ana Lúcia da Costa Prudente 2015. Natural history of snakes from Floresta Nacional de Caxiuanã, eastern Amazonia, Brazil. Herpetology Notes 8: 69-98 - get paper here
  • Schmidt, Karl P. 1936. Preliminary account of coral snakes of South America. Zoological Series of Field Museum of Natural History 20 (19): 189-203 - get paper here
  • Schmidt, Karl P. 1955. Coral snakes of the genus Micrurus in Colombia. Fieldiana Zoology 34 (34): 337-359 - get paper here
  • Silva Jr, Nelson Jorge da; Marcus Augusto Buononato & Darlan Tavares Feitosa 2016. AS COBRAS-CORAIS DO NOVO MUNDO. In: Silva (ed) Cobras corais do Brasil. Goiânia, pp. 41-69
  • Silva, F.M.; A.C. Menks; A.L.C. Prudente; J.C.L. Costa; A.E.M. Travassos; U. Galatti. 2011. Squamate Reptiles from municipality of Barcarena and surroundings, state of Pará, north of Brazil. Check List 7 (3): 220-226 - get paper here
  • Vaz-Silva, W.; RM Oliveira, AFN Gonzaga, KC Pinto, FC Poli, TM Bilce, M Penhacek, L Wronski, JX Martins, TG Junqueira, LCC, Cesca VY, Guimarães RD. Pinheiro 2015. Contributions to the knowledge of amphibians and reptiles from Volta Grande do Xingu, northern Brazil Braz. J. Biol., 75 (3) (suppl.): S205-S218 - get paper here
  • Wallach, Van; Kenneth L. Williams , Jeff Boundy 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. [type catalogue] Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp.
 
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