Peltocephalus dumerilianus (SCHWEIGGER, 1812)

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Higher Taxa	Podocnemididae, Pelomedusoidea, Pleurodira, Testudines (turtles)
Subspecies
Common Names	E: Big-headed Amazon River Turtle G: Dumerils Schienenschildkröte Portuguese: Acanguaçu, Cabeçuda, Cabeçudo, Capitari (machos), Jurará, Peindu, Tartaruga-Arara, Tartaruga-de-Bico-de-Arara
Synonym	Emys dumeriliana SCHWEIGGER 1812 Emys macrocephala SPIX 1824 (non E. macrocephala GRAY 1844) Emys tracaxa SPIX 1824 Emys Traxaca SPIX1824 (fide FRANZEN & GLAW 2007: 207) Chelys (Hydraspis) lata GRAY in GRIFFITH 1831 Emys icterocephala GRAY (ex errore) in GRIFFITH 1831 Chelys (Hydraspis) dumerilliana [sic] — GRAY 1831 Podocnemis Dumeriliana — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1835: 387 Peltocephalus Tracaxa — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1835: 378 Peltocephalus dumerilianus — DIESING 1839 (fide GENTIL et al. 2021) Podocnemis tracaxa — BOULENGER 1889 Podocnemis dumeriliana — SIEBENROCK 1902: 106 Peltocephalus dumeriliana — FRAIR et al. 1978 Peltocephalus dumeriliana — OBST 1985 Podocnemis tracaxa — HOOGMOED & GRUBER 1983: 345 Peltocephalus dumerilianus — GORZULA & SEÑARIS 1999 Peltocephalus dumerilianus — RIVAS et al. 2012 Peltocephalus dumerilianus — TTWG 2021
Distribution	Amazon watershed from Peru, Colombia (incl. Orinoco drainage: Rios Vichada, Tuparro, Tomo, Elivita, Muco), Ecuador, W Venezuela, Brazil (Amazonas, Para) Type locality: "America meridionali". Restricted to French Guiana by Bour 2006.
Reproduction	oviparous.
Types	Neotype: MNHN-RA 8364, designated by Bour 2006. Holotype: lost (fide KING & BURKE 1989).
Diagnosis
Comment	Williams (1954) identified MNHN 7893 as a Podocnemis unifilis, which Frétey (1977:111), believed was the holotype of dumerilianus, making Emys tracaxa Spix 1824, the next available name for this taxon. Pritchard and Trebbau (1984:89), showed that MNHN 7893 could not be the holotype of dumerilianus because Schweigger's 1812 paper clearly was based on a Peltocephalus, and not a Podocnemis (after KING & BURKE 1989). Type species: Emys tracaxa SPIX 1824 is the type species of the genus Peltocephalus DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1835: 377. Habitat: freshwater (rivers, swamps)
Etymology	The name Peltocephalus derives from the union and Latinisation of the Greek word “pélte”, shield, and the Latin “cephalus”, head. The species was named after Dr. Andre Marie Constant Dumeril (1774-1860), French zoologist and herpetologist.
References	Beolens, Bo; Michael Watkins, and Michael Grayson 2011. The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, USA - get paper here Bonin, F., Devaux, B. & Dupré, A. 2006. Turtles of the World. English translation by P.C.H. Pritchard. Johns Hopkins University Press, 416 pp. Bour, R. 2008. Global diversity of turtles (Chelonii; Reptilia) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia 595:593–598 - get paper here Bour, Roger 2006. Types of Podocnemidae in the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Emys 13 (1): 27-40 Cisneros-Heredia, D.F. 2006. Turtles of the Tiputini Biodiversity Station with remarks on the diversity and distribution of the Testudines from Ecuador. Biota Neotropica 6 (1): 1-16 - get paper here Duméril, A.M.C., and G. Bibron. 1835. Erpétologie Générale ou Histoire Naturelle Complète des Reptiles, Vol. 2. Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret, Paris, iv + 680 p. - get paper here Ernst,C.H. and Barbour,R.W. 1989. Turtles of the World. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. - London Frair, W.; Mittermeier, R.A.; Rhodin, A.G.J. 1978. Blood biochemistry and relations among Podocnemis turtles (Pleurodira, Pelomedusidae). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 61B: 139-143 - get paper here Fretey, J. 1977. Les Chéloniens de Guyane Française. 1. Etude préliminaire. Thesis, University of Paris. 201 pp. Gaffney, Eugene S.; Peter A. Meylan, Roger C. Wood, Elwyn Simons, and Diogenes De Almeida Campos 2011. Evolution of the Side-Necked Turtles: The Family Podocnemididae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History (350): 1-237 - get paper here Gentil E, de Medeiros LA, Vogt RC, Barnett AA 2021. Biology of the Big-headed Amazon River Turtle, Peltocephalus dumerilianus (Schweigger, 1812) (Testudines, Pleurodira): the basal extant Podocnemididae species. Herpetozoa 34: 207-222 - get paper here Gonzalez R. C. et al. 2020. Lista dos Nomes Populares dos Répteis no Brasil – Primeira Versão. Herpetologia Brasileira 9 (2): 121 – 214 - get paper here Gorzula, Stefan & Senaris, J. Celsa 1999. In: Contribution to the herpetofauna of the Venezuelan Guayana. I: a data base. Scientia Guaianae, Caracas, No. 8 [1998], 269+ pp.; ISBN 980-6020-48-0 Herz, M. 2014. Begegnungen mit Schildkröten im venezolanischen Bundesstaat Amazonas. Teil 1: Wasserschildkröten. Reptilia (Münster) 19 (110): 52-59 Hoogmoed,M.S. and Gruber,U. 1983. Spix and Wagler type specimens of reptiles and amphibians in the Natural History Musea in Munich (Germany) and Leiden (The Netherlands). Spixiana Suppl. 9: 319-415 - get paper here Magalhães, Marcela S.; Richard C. Vogt, José Fernando M. Barcellos, Carlos Eduardo B. Moura, and Ronis Da Silveira 2014. Morphology of the Digestive Tube of the Podocnemididae in the Brazilian Amazon. Herpetologica Dec 2014, Vol. 70, No. 4: 449-463. - get paper here Morato, S.A.A.; Calixto, P.O.; Mendes, L.R.; Gomes, R.; Galatti, U.; Trein, F.L.; Oliveira, F.S.; Ferreira, G.N. 2014. Guia fotográfico de identificação da herpetofauna da Floresta Nacional de Saracá-Taquera, Estado do Pará. Curitiba: STCP Engenharia de Projetos Ltda.; Porto Trombetas: MRN – Mineração Rio do Norte S.A.; 213 p. - get paper here Morato, Sérgio Augusto Abrahão; Guilherme Nunes Ferreira; Michela Rossane Cavilha Scupino (eds.) 2018. Herpetofauna da Amazônia Central: Estudos na FLONA de Saracá-Taquera. Curitiba, Pr: STCP Engenharia de Projetos Ltda.; Porto Trombetas, Pa: MRN – Mineração Rio do Norte S.A., 2018.<br />210p. - get paper here Pérez-Emán, J.L. & A. Paolillo O. 1997. Diet of the Pelomedusid Turtle Peltocephalus dumerilianus in the Venezuelan Amazon Journal of Herpetology 31 (2): 173-179. - get paper here Pritchard, P.C.H., and P. Trebbau. 1984. The Turtles of Venezuela. SSAR Contributions to Herpetology 2: viii + 402 pp. RIVAS, GILSON A.; CÉSAR R. MOLINA, GABRIEL N. UGUETO, TITO R. BARROS, CÉSAR L. BAR- RIO-AMORÓS & PHILIPPE J. R. KOK 2012. Reptiles of Venezuela: an updated and commented checklist. Zootaxa 3211: 1–64 - get paper here Schweigger, A.F. 1812. Prodromus Monographia Cheloniorum auctore Schweigger. Königsberg. Arch. Naturwiss. Mathem., 1: 271-368, 406-458. Siebenrock, F. 1902. Zur Systematik der Schildkrötengattung Podocnemis Wagl. Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe, Wien, 27: 104-106 - get paper here Torres-Carvajal O, Pazmiño-Otamendi G, Salazar-Valenzuela D. 2019. Reptiles of Ecuador: a resource-rich portal, with a dynamic checklist and photographic guides. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 13 (1): [General Section]: 209–229 (e178) - get paper here TTWG; Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., Bour, R., Fritz, U., Georges, A., Shaffer, H.B., and van Dijk, P.P. 2021. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (9th Ed.). In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., van Dijk, P.P., Stanford, C.B., Goode, E.V., Buhlmann, K.A., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.). Chelonian Research Monographs 8:1–472. doi:10.3854/crm.8.checklist.atlas.v9.2021. - get paper here Vaz-Silva, W.; RM Oliveira, AFN Gonzaga, KC Pinto, FC Poli, TM Bilce, M Penhacek, L Wronski, JX Martins, TG Junqueira, LCC, Cesca VY, Guimarães RD. Pinheiro 2015. Contributions to the knowledge of amphibians and reptiles from Volta Grande do Xingu, northern Brazil Braz. J. Biol., 75 (3) (suppl.): S205-S218 - get paper here Williams, E.E. 1954. A key and description of the living species of the genus Podocnemis (sensu Boulenger) (Testudines, Pelomedusidae). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard 111 (8): 277-295. - get paper here Winkler, J.D. 2006. Testing phylogenetic implications of eggshell characters in side-necked turtles (Testudines: Pleurodira). Zoology 109: 127-136 - get paper here
External links	IUCN Red List National Center for Biotechnology Information http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/natsci/herpetology/turtcroclist/chklst15.htm http://www.unb.br/ib/zoo/grcolli/guia/hspinosus.htm http://www.chelonia.org/Peltocephalus_gallery.htm https://bioweb.bio/faunaweb/reptiliaweb/FichaEspecie/Peltocephalus… http://russian-tortoise.com http://www.tortoisetrust.org/articles/horsfield2.html Google images

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