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Phrynops geoffroanus (SCHWEIGGER, 1812)

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Higher TaxaChelidae, Chelinae, Pleurodira, Testudines (turtles)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Geoffroy’s Toadhead Turtle, Geoffroy’s Side-necked Turtle
tuberosus: Cotinga River Toadhead Turtle
Portuguese: Cágado, Cágado-de-Barbela, Cágado-de-Barbelas-Pintado, Cágado-de-Barbicha, Cágado-de-Barbixa, Cágado-de-Esgoto, Cágado-de-Ferradura-Comum, Cágado-do-Rio, Cangapara, Lalá, Tartaruga-do-Pescoço-de-Cobra 
SynonymEmys geoffroana SCHWEIGGER 1812
Emys Geoffreana SCHWEIGGER 1812 (fide BOULENGER 1886)
Emys depressa MERREM 1820 (non Emys depressa SPIX 1824)
Emys viridis SPIX 1824 (?)
Emys geoffroyana GRAY 1831 (nomen subst. pro E. geoffroana SCHWEIGGER)
Platemys geoffreana DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1835: 418 (nomen subst. pro E. geoffroana)
Platemys Waglerii DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1835: 422
Platemys Neuwiedii DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1835: 425 (nomen subst. pro Emys depressa)
Platemys Geoffroyana — BOULENGER 1886: 424
Hydraspis geoffroyana — BOULENGER 1889
Hydraspis wagleri — BOULENGER 1889
Hydraspis boulengeri BOHLS 1895
Hydraspis lutzi Ihering in LUEDERWALDT 1926 (?)
Phrynops geoffroana — MERTENS et al. 1934
Phrynops geoffroana geoffroana — MÜLLER 1939
Phrynops geoffroanus — GORZULA & SEÑARIS 1999
Phrynops geoffroanus — MCCORD et al. 2001
Phrynops geoffroanus — BOUR & ZAHER 2005
Phrynops geoffroanus — CACCIALI et al. 2016
Phrynops geoffroanus — TTWG 2021 
DistributionSW/E Venezuela, SE Colombia, E Ecuador, E Peru, SW/E Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Mato Grosso, Goiás, Paraná, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio de Janeiro, Sergipe),
N Bolivia, Paraguay, NE Argentina (Corrientes, Misiones)

Type locality: “Brasilia”.  
Reproductionoviparous. 
TypesHolotype: MNHN-RA 9417
Holotype: ZSM 3008/0 [Emys viridis Spix, 1824] 
DiagnosisDiagnosis and Description (genus). The genus Phrynops is a member of the toadhead complex of chelid turtles, with the following characteristics: The head is flat and wide, with a blunt snout, and has a width between the tympana 15-20% of the median straight length of the carapace. Five to seven neural bones are present, usually in a contiguous anterior series. The first neural bone is present, contacting the proneural, and separates the first pair of costals. The carapace is relatively flat. The entoplastron is reduced, separating only the epiplastrals and very little of the hyoplastrals. The 11 th marginals are wider than the supracaudals. The lateral borders of the carapace are not upturned and without narrowing. There is no large round scale present at the distal end of the anteromedial row of tibial scales. The interanal seam of the plastron is longer than the interhumeral seam. The paired barbels usually are long (McCord et al. 2001). 
CommentSubspecies: Phrynops geoffroanus hilarii and P. g. tuberosus have been elevated to species status. For a color illustration and distribution map see MCCORD & JOSEPH-OUNI 2002. See also Carvalho et al. 2022 who found 4 or more lineages (depending on the loci studied) within the species.

Distribution: Not in Venezuela (fide RIVAS et al. 2012). Distribution not fixed for elevation. Reports from Guyana actually represent P. tuberosus (Cole et al. 2013: 525, McCord 2001).

Type species: Emys geoffroana SCHWEIGGER 1812 is the type species of the genus Phrynops WAGLER 1830. For a diagnosis of the genus see MCCORD et al. 2001.

Habitat: freshwater (rivers) 
EtymologyNamed in honor of Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1805-1861), French zoologist.

The genus was named after Greek, phryne for "toad" and Greek, ops for "appearance." The "Toadlike Turtle." (cf. Wagler, 1830: 135). 
References
  • Artner, H. G. 1995. Nomenklatur aktuell: Gattung Phrynops. Emys 2 (3): 13
  • Artner, H. G. 1997. Nomenklatur aktuell: bestimmungsschlüssel für die Gattung Phrynops. Emys 4 (3): 29–31
  • Ávila, R.W.; R.A. Kawashita-Ribeiro. 2011. Herpetofauna of São João da Barra Hydroelectric Plant, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Check List 7 (6): 750-755 - get paper here
  • Baldo, D.; Martinez, P.; Boeris, J.M. & Giraudo, A.R. 2007. Reptilia, Chelonii, Chelidae, Phrynops geoffroanus Schweigger, 1812 and Mesoclemmys vanderhaegei (Bour, 1973): Distribution extension, new country record, and new province records in Argentina. Check List 3 (4): 348-352 - get paper here
  • Barros Molina, Flavio de 1996. Mating behavior of captive Geoffroy's side-necked turtles, Phrynops geoffroanus (Testudines: Chelidae). Herpetological Natural History 4 (2): 155-160
  • Beolens, Bo; Michael Watkins, and Michael Grayson 2011. The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, USA - get paper here
  • Bohls, J. 1895. Bermerkung zur Eintheilung der Chelydidae. Zool. Anz. 18: 51-53 - get paper here
  • Bonin, F., Devaux, B. & Dupré, A. 2006. Turtles of the World. English translation by P.C.H. Pritchard. Johns Hopkins University Press, 416 pp.
  • Boulenger, G.A. 1886. A synopsis of the reptiles and batrachians of the province Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 18: 423-445 - get paper here
  • Boulenger, G.A. 1889. Catalogue of the chelonians, rhynchocephalians, and crocodiles in the British Museum (Natural History). British Museum, London, 311 pp.
  • Bour, R. 2008. Types of three species of sideneck turtle belonging to the genus Phrynops Wagler, 1830: Emys geoffroana Schweigger, 1812, Platemys hilarii Duméril & Bibron, 1835, and Platemys waglerii Duméril & Bibron, 1835. Emys 15 (2):35-41
  • Bour, R. 2008. Global diversity of turtles (Chelonii; Reptilia) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia 595:593–598 - get paper here
  • Bour, R. & Zaher, H. 2005. A NEW SPECIES OF MESOCLEMMYS, FROM THE OPEN FORMATIONS OF NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL (CHELONII, CHELIDAE). Pap. Avul. Zool., Sao Paulo 45 (24): 295-311 - get paper here
  • Cacciali, Pier; Norman J. Scott, Aida Luz Aquino Ortíz, Lee A. Fitzgerald, and Paul Smith 2016. The Reptiles of Paraguay: Literature, Distribution, and an Annotated Taxonomic Checklist. SPECIAL PUBLICATION OF THE MUSEUM OF SOUTHWESTERN BIOLOGY, NUMBER 11: 1–373 - get paper here
  • Cajade, Rodrigo; Marangoni, Federico; Piñeiro, José Miguel; Álvarez, Blanca Beatríz 2014. Confirmación de la presencia de Phrynops geoffroanus (Schweigger, 1812) (Testudines, Chelidae) en la provincia de Misiones, Argentina. Cuad. Herpetol. 28: - get paper here
  • CATENAZZI, A., LEHR, E. & VON MAY, R. 2013. The amphibians and reptiles of Manu National Park and its buffer zone, Amazon basin and eastern slopes of the Andes, Peru. Biota Neotropica 13 (4): 269-283
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  • Costa, Taís Borges; Daniel Orsi Laranjeiras, Francis Luiz Santos Caldas, Daniel Oliveira Santana, Cristiana Ferreira da Silva, Edna Paulino de Alcântara, Samuel Vieira Brito, Jéssica Yara Galdino, Daniel Oliveira Mesquita, Renato Gomes Faria, Frederi 2018. Herpetofauna of protected areas in the Caatinga VII: Aiuaba Ecological Station (Ceará, Brazil). Herpetology Notes 11: 929-941 - get paper here
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  • DE ABREU JUNIOR, ANTONIO NILBERTO GRANGEIRO;JOARA DE SOUSA ANDRADE, ISADORA DE ABREU AMORIM, DIOGO BRUNNO E SILVA BARBOSA, JONAS PEDERASSI & MAURO SÉRGIO CRUZ SOUZA LIMA. 2021. Morfometria cauda-cloacal para sexagem de Phrynops geoffroanus (schweigger, 1812). Biota Amazônia (Biote Amazonie, Biota Amazonia, Amazonian Biota) 11(2): 19–21. - get paper here
  • de Carvalho, V. T., Vogt, R. C., Rojas, R. R., Nunes, M., de Fraga, R., Ávila, R. W., ... & Farias, I. P. 2022. Four in One: Cryptic Diversity in Geoffroy’s Side-Necked Turtle Phrynops geoffroanus (Schweigger 1812)(Testudines: Pleurodira: Chelidae) in Brazil. Diversity 14(5): 360. - get paper here
  • Dubeux, M. J. M., Araújo Neto, J. V. D., Triburcio, I. C. S., Lisboa, B. S., Torquato, S., Freitas, M. A. D., ... & Mott, T. 2022. A “hotspot” within a hotspot: the reptiles of the Estação Ecológica and Área de Proteção Ambiental de Murici, Atlantic Forest of northeastern Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 22: 1-14 - get paper here
  • Duméril, A.M.C., and G. Bibron. 1835. Erpétologie Générale ou Histoire Naturelle Complète des Reptiles, Vol. 2. Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret, Paris, iv + 680 p. - get paper here
  • Ferronato, B. et al. 2011. New locality records for chelonians (Testudines: Chelidae, Podocnemididae, Testudinidae) from Departamento de Pasco, Peru. Herpetology Notes 4: 219-224 - get paper here
  • Ferronato, B.O. et al. 2009. Oral bacterial microbiota and traumatic injuries of free-ranging Phrynops geoffroanus (Testudines, Chelidae) in southeastern Brazil. Phyllomedusa 8 (1): 19-26 - get paper here
  • Freitas, Marco A. de; Marcos J.M. Dubeux, Márcio F. Chaves, Bruno F. Fiorillo, Gentil A.P. Filho, Washington L.S. Vieira, and Geraldo J.B. de Moura 2023. Herpetofauna in three highland Atlantic Forest remnants in northeastern Brazil. Herpetology Notes 16: 377-390
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  • Gorzula, Stefan & Senaris, J. Celsa 1999. In: Contribution to the herpetofauna of the Venezuelan Guayana. I: a data base. Scientia Guaianae, Caracas, No. 8 [1998], 269+ pp.; ISBN 980-6020-48-0
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  • Hoogmoed,M.S. and Gruber,U. 1983. Spix and Wagler type specimens of reptiles and amphibians in the Natural History Musea in Munich (Germany) and Leiden (The Netherlands). Spixiana Suppl. 9: 319-415 - get paper here
  • JORGE, R. F., & PEÑA, A. P. 2022. REPTILES FROM AN URBAN PARK IN THE CERRADO OF CENTRAL BRAZIL. Herpetological Conservation and Biology, 17(2), 413-422 - get paper here
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  • TTWG; Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., Bour, R., Fritz, U., Georges, A., Shaffer, H.B., and van Dijk, P.P. 2021. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (9th Ed.). In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., van Dijk, P.P., Stanford, C.B., Goode, E.V., Buhlmann, K.A., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.). Chelonian Research Monographs 8:1–472. doi:10.3854/crm.8.checklist.atlas.v9.2021. - get paper here
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  • Zaher, Hussam; Fausto Erritto BarboI; Paola Sanchez Martínez; Cristiano Nogueira; Miguel Trefaut Rodrigues; Ricardo Jannini Sawaya 2011. Répteis do Estado de São Paulo: conhecimento atual e perspectivas. Biota Neotropica, 11 (1): 1–15. - get paper here
 
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