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Phrynosoma coronatum (BLAINVILLE, 1835)

IUCN Red List - Phrynosoma coronatum - Least Concern, LC
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Higher TaxaPhrynosomatidae, Phrynosomatinae, Phrynosomatini; Iguania, Sauria, Squamata (lizards)
SubspeciesPhrynosoma coronatum coronatum (BLAINVILLE 1835)
Phrynosoma coronatum frontale VAN DENBURGH 1894 
Common NamesE: Coast Horned Lizard
blainvillii: San Diego Horned Lizard
frontale: California Horned Lizard
G: Kronen-Krötenechse
S: Camaleón del Litoral 
SynonymAgama (Phrynosoma) coronata BLAINVILLE 1835: 284
Phrynosoma coronatum — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1837: 318
Batrachosoma coronatum — FITZINGER 1843: 79
Phrynosoma coronatum — GENTRY 1885: 143
Phrynosoma coronatum — BOULENGER 1885: 243
Phrynosoma coronatum — VAN DENBURGH 1922
Phrynosoma coronatum coronatum — LINDSDALE 1932
Phrynosoma coronatum coronatum — SMITH & TAYLOR 1950: 102
Phrynosoma coronatum — STEBBINS 1985: 139
Phrynosoma coronatum — LINER 1994
Phrynosoma coronatum — LINER 2007
Phrynosoma coronatum — KÖHLER 2021
Phrynosoma coronatum — HEIMES 2022

Phrynosoma coronatum frontale VAN DENBURGH 1894
Phrynosoma frontalis VAN DENBURGH 1894: 296
Phrynosoma blainvillii frontale — VAN DENBURGH 1897: 95
Phrynosoma schmidti BARBOUR 1921: 113
Phrynosoma nelsoni SCHMIDT 1922: 666
Phrynosoma coronatum frontale — LINDSDALE 1932: 368
Phrynosoma blainvillii frontale — KLAUBER 1936
Phrynosoma coronatum frontale — SMITH & TAYLOR 1950: 102
Phrynosoma coronatum frontale — JENNINGS 1988
Phrynosoma coronatum schmidti — JENNINGS 1988
Phrynosoma coronatum frontale — KÖHLER 2021 
DistributionUSA (California), Mexico (Baja California), elevation 0-2348m

Type locality: “California”. Restricted to Cape San Lucas, Baja California by SMITH & TAYLOR 1950.

frontale: USA (California); Type locality: Bear Valley, San Benito County, Calif.

jamesi: Mexico (Baja California); Type locality: Shore of San Bartolome Bay, Baja California.  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesLectotype: MNHN-RA 1921, also given as MCZ 5954
Holotype: USNM 64450 [jamesi]
Holotype: CAS-SUR 93 (Stanford Univ Mus.), male [frontale]
Holotype: MCZ 15142 [schmidti]
Holotype: USNM 37585 [Phrynosoma nelsoni] 
Diagnosis 
CommentHybridization: Healthy P. coronatum and P. cornutum hybrids have been obtained by BAUR (1983).

Synonymy: mostly after KLAUBER 1936, SMITH & TAYLOR 1950. GRISMER & MELLINK (1994) placed P. cerroense in the synonymy of P. coronatum. Köhler 2021 synonymized Phrynosoma coronatum jamesi with Phrynosoma (coronatum) cerroense.

Subspecies: Brattstrom (1997) concluded that P. coronatum is a highly variable species and thus rejected subspecies. Phrynosoma coronatum blainvillii GRAY 1839 has been elevated to full species status. Grismer 2002 did not use the subspecific name “Phrynosoma coronatum schmidti” but rather referred to the “Schmidti pattern class of Phrynosoma coronatum”. GRISMER & MELLINK (1994) also considered P. coronatum as a monotypic species and did not recognize frontale as a valid subspecies.

Group: Belongs to the Anota clade fide LEACHE & MCGUIRE 2006. 
EtymologyThe name coronatum (L. "coronatus" = crowned), alludes to the crown-like appearance of the temporal and occipital spines. L. c. frontale was named after the Latin word for "forehead", referring to the diagnostic frontal scales; 
References
  • Banta, Benjamin H. 1962. A notable range extension for the California horned lizard. Wasmann Journal of Biology 20 (1): 137-138 - get paper here
  • Barbour,T. 1921. A new Phrynosoma from Cerros Island. Proc. New England Zool. Club 7: 113-115 - get paper here
  • Baur, B. 1984. Krötenechsen-Bastarde (Phrynosoma) (Sauria: Iguanidae). Salamandra 20 (2-3): 70-87 - get paper here
  • Baur, B.E. 1986. Longevity of horned lizards of the genus Phrynosoma. Bull. Maryland Herp. Soc. 22 (3): 149-151 - get paper here
  • Blainville, Henri Marie Ducrotay de 1835. Description de quelques espèces de reptiles de la Californie précédée de l’analyse d’un système général d’erpétologie et d’amphibiologie. Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 4: 233-296 - get paper here
  • Bostic, D. L. 1971. Herpetofauna of the Pacific Coast of north central Baja California, Mexico, with a description of a new subspecies of Phyllodactylus xanti. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History, 16:237—263 - get paper here
  • Boulenger, G.A. 1885. Catalogue of the lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. 2, Second edition. London, xiii+497 pp. - get paper here
  • Brattstrom, Bayard H. 1997. Status of the subspecies of the Coast Horned Lizard, Phrynosoma coronatus. Journal of Herpetology 31 (3): 434-436 - get paper here
  • Brattstrom, Bayard H. 2013. Distribution of the Coast Horned Lizard, Phrynosoma coronatum, in Southern California. Bulletin, Southern California Academy of Sciences 112(3):206-216; <br />doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3160/0038-3872-112.3.206 - get paper here
  • Cope, E.D. 1900. The crocodilians, lizards and snakes of North America. Ann. Rep. U.S. Natl. Mus. 1898: 153-1270 - get paper here
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  • Fitzinger, L. 1843. Systema Reptilium, fasciculus primus, Amblyglossae. Braumüller et Seidel, Wien: 106 pp. - get paper here
  • Gentry, A.F. 1885. A review of the genus Phrynosoma. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. (ser. 3) 37: 138-148 - get paper here
  • Gray, J. E. 1839. Reptiles. In: J. Richardson et al., The Zoology of Captain Beechey`s Voyage... H.G. Bohn, London, 180 pp. (+ plates) - get paper here
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  • Heimes, P. 2022. LIZARDS OF MEXICO - Part 1 Iguanian lizards. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt Am Main, 448 pp.
  • Jennings, M. R. 1988. Phrynosoma coronatum (Blainville): Coast horned lizard. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles ( 428: 1-5. - get paper here
  • Jennings, M.R. 1987. Impact of the Curio Trade for San Diego Horned Lizards (Phrynosoma coronatum blainvillii) in the Los Angeles Basin, California: 1885-1930 Journal of Herpetology 21 (4): 356-358. - get paper here
  • Jones, L.L. & Lovich, R.E. 2009. Lizards of the American Southwest. A photographic field guide. Rio Nuevo Publishers, Tucson, AZ, 568 pp. [review in Reptilia 86: 84] - get paper here
  • Klauber, L. M. 1936. The Horned Toads of the coronatum Group. Copeia, Vol. 1936, No. 2 (Jul. 31, 1936), pp. 103-110 - get paper here
  • Leaché, A. D., McElroy, M. T. and Trinh, A. 2018. A genomic evaluation of taxonomic trends through time in coast horned lizards (genus Phrynosoma). Mol Ecol. doi:10.1111/mec.14715 - get paper here
  • Leaché, Adam D. and Jimmy A. McGuire 2006. Phylogenetic relationships of horned lizards (Phrynosoma ) based on nuclear and mitochondrial data: Evidence for a misleading mitochondrial gene tree. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39 (3): 628-644 - get paper here
  • Leaché, Adam D;.Michelle S. Koo, Carol L. Spencer, Theodore J. Papenfuss, Robert N. Fisher, and Jimmy A. McGuire 2009. Quantifying ecological, morphological, and genetic variation to delimit species in the coast horned lizard species complex (Phrynosoma). PNAS 2009 106:12418-12423 - get paper here
  • Leviton, Alan E.; Banta, Benjamin H. 1964. Midwinter reconnaissance of the herpetofauna of the Cape Region of Baja California, Mexico. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 30 (7): 127-156 - get paper here
  • Liner, Ernest A. 2007. A CHECKLIST OF THE AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF MEXICO. Louisiana State University Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural Science 80: 1-60 - get paper here
  • Linsdale, J.M. 1932. Amphibians and reptiles from lower California. Univ. California Publ. Zool. 38 (6): 345-386
  • Meyers, J.J.; Herrel, A. & Nishikawa, K. 2006. Morphological correlates of ant eating in horned lizards (Phrynosoma). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 89: 13–24 - get paper here
  • Montanucci, R.R. 2004. Geographic variation in Phrynosoma coronatum (Lacertilia, Phrynosomatidae): further evidence for a peninsular archipelago. Herpetologica 60 (1): 117-139 - get paper here
  • Peralta-García A, Valdez-Villavicencio JH, Fucsko LA, Hollingsworth BD, Johnson JD, Mata-Silva V, Rocha A, DeSantis DL, Porras LW, and Wilson LD. 2023. The herpetofauna of the Baja California Peninsula and its adjacent islands, Mexico: composition, distribution, and conservation status. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 17(1&2): 57–142
  • Powell, G. L. and A. P. Russell 2023. The horns of horned lizards (Phrynosomatidae: Phrynosoma): the long road to their conceptualization as unique lacertilian features with individual identity. Bibliotheca Herpetologica 17(10):86–107 - get paper here
  • Presch,W. 1969. Evolutionary osteology and relationships of the horned lizard genus Phrynosoma (family Iguanidae). Copeia 1969 (2): 250-275 - get paper here
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  • Van Denburgh,J. 1894. Descriptions of three new lizards from California and ower California, with a note on Phrynonsoma blainvillii. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (Ser. 2), 4: 296-301 - get paper here
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