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Rhabdophis subminiatus (SCHLEGEL, 1837)

IUCN Red List - Rhabdophis subminiatus - Least Concern, LC
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Higher TaxaColubridae (Natricinae), Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Red-necked Keelback
G: Rothals-Wassernatter
Chinese: 红脖颈槽蛇 
SynonymTropidonotus subminiatus SCHLEGEL 1837: 313
Natrix subminiatus BOIE 1827 (nomen nudum)
Rhabdophis subminiatus — FITZINGER 1843
Amphiesma subminiatum — DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL 1854: 734
Tropidonotus subminiatus — GÜNTHER 1858
? Tropidonotus manadensis GÜNTHER 1873 (fide WALLACH)
Tropidonotus subminiatus — BOULENGER 1893: 256
Pseudoxenodon intermedius LÖNNBERG 1899: 109
Tropidonotus subminiatus — WALL 1908: 320
Natrix subminiata — BARBOUR 1912
?Natrix subminiata hongkongensis MELL 1931
Natrix subminiata subminiata — MELL 1931
Rhabdophis subminiatus subminiatus — BOURRET 1936
Natrix subminiata — SMITH 1943
Natrix subminiata hongkongensis — RENDAHL 1937
Rhabdophis subminiata — MALNATE 1960
Rhabdophis subminiatus siamensis — DEUVE 1961: 14
Rhabdophis subminiatus subminiatus TAYLOR 1965
Rhabdophis subminatus — FERLAN et al. 1983 (in error)
Rhabdophis subminiatus — MANTHEY & GROSSMANN 1997: 389
Rhabdophis subminiatus — COX et al. 1998: 47
Rhabdophis subminiata — SHARMA 2004
Rhabdophis subminiatus — WALLACH et al. 2014: 636
Rhabdophis subminiatus — WANG et al. 2022 
DistributionIndonesia (Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi ?), Peninsular Malaysia

Type locality: “Java”

intermedius: Indonesia (Java); Type locality: Buitenzorg, Java‖, now Bogor, West Java Province, Java, Indonesia.  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesLectotype: RMNH RENA.1067, designated paratypes: RMNH RENA.1061, 1063, 1066.
Holotype: NHMUK 1946.1.13.23, adult male [manadensis]
Holotype: unknown, fide David & vobgel 2021 [Pseudoxenodon intermedius]
Types: not given, but possibly NHMUK 1856.11.17.62; (2) adult female, NHMUK 1856.11.17.63; and (3) a juvenile: Type locality: Hong Kong (most likely in error fide David & Vogel 2021) [hongkongensis] 
DiagnosisDiagnosis (genus): parallel and keeled dorsal scales; 15, 17, 19 or 21 rows of dorsal scales at midbody; large cephalic scales; large eyes with round pupil; divided anal plate and paired subcaudal scales; maxillary teeth separated from a pair of fangs [DORIA et al. 2013]. 
CommentVenomous. Can inflict serious coagulopathic envenoming but, unlike its congener R. tigrinus, has not caused any human fatalities (Weinstein 2017).

Type species: Tropidonotus subminiatus SCHLEGEL 1837 is the type species of the genus Rhabdophis FITZINGER 1843: 27.

Type specimens: Inger in Wallach et al. (2014: 624) designated RMNH 1067 as the lectotype of this species. Unfortunately, this designation partly contravenes the requirements of Art. 74.7 of the Code (ICZN, 1999). Although Art. 74.7.1 is fulfilled, requirements of Art. 74.7.2 are limited to the collection number and total length of the specimen, and Art. 74.7.3, which requires an express statement of the taxonomic purpose of the designation, is neglected. Therefore, David & Vogel 2021 consider the designation of this lectotype to not be valid and re-designate RMNH 1067 as the lectotype.

Subspecies: Rhabdophis subminiatus helleri (SCHMIDT 1925) has been elevated to full species status by Liu et al. 2021.

Synonymy: Mostly after David & Vogel 2021. Natrix subminiata siamensis MELL 1931 has been resurrected from the synonymy of Rhabdophis subminiatus by David & Vogel 2021.

Phylogenetics: Takeuchi et al. 2018 and Piao et al. 2020 presented phylogenies of 17-18 (of the currently 27) species of Rhabdophis. Takeuchi et al. moved several speces of Macropisthodon to Rhabdophis, based on molecular data. Zhu et al. 2022 present a phylogeny of the nuchalis group (see this species).

Color picture in Bulian (1999). Very common in Thungtao (Suratthani) [and probably elsewhere] according to Bulian.

Diet: frogs and toads (Yoshida et al. 2020).

Distribution: Restricted to Sumatra and Java by David & Vogel 2021. Previous reports from S China (Hainan, S Yunnan, Fujian), Vietnam (Hoa Binh etc), Laos, Thailand, Southern Myanmar, India (Nagaland), Bhutan, Cambodia, West Malaysia, Singapore are thus obsolete. The latest record of this species from Sulawesi is from GÜNTHER 1873. DE LANG & VOGEL (2005) thus consider this species as doubtful for this island. Not listed for Borneo by Stuebing et al. 2014. For a map see David & Vogel 2021: 110 (Fig. 9).

Behavior: diurnal.

Key: Qin et al. 2023 present a key to the Chinese species of Rhabdophis. 
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