Sonora palarostris KLAUBER, 1937

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Higher Taxa	Colubridae, Colubrinae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies	Sonora palarostris organica KLAUBER 1951 Sonora palarostris palarostris (KLAUBER 1937)
Common Names	E: Sonoran Shovelnose Snake organica: Organ Pipe Shovelnose Snake G: Sonora-Schaufelnasenschlange S: Rostro de Pala de Sonora
Synonym	Sonora palarostris KLAUBER 1937 Chionactis occipitalis palarostris — SMITH & TAYLOR 1950: 344 Chionactis palarostris — STEBBINS 1985: 214 Chionactis palarostris — LINER 1994 Chionactis palarostris — CROTHER et al. 2012 Chionactis palarostris — WALLACH et al. 2014: 160 Chionactis palarostris — LEMOS-ESPINAL 2015 Sonora (Chionactis) palarostris — COX et al. 2018: 976 Chionactis palarostris — LEMOS-ESPINAL et al. 2019 Sonora palarostris organica KLAUBER, 1951: 178 Chionactis palarostris organica — CROTHER 2000: 58 Chionactis palarostris organica — CROTHER et al. 2012 Sonora palarostris organica — COX et al. 2018
Distribution	USA (S Arizona), Mexico (Sonora) organica: USA (Arizona); Type locality: on the Sonoyta-Ajo road, 9 miles north of the US-Mexican border, in the Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Pima Conty, Arizona. palarostris: Mexico (Sonora) Type locality: “5 miles south of Magdalena, Sonora, Mexico”; restricted to "six miles south of Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico," by Blake 1970.
Reproduction	oviparous
Types	Holotype: SDNHM = SDSNH 26771. Holotype: SDNHM = SDSNH 40673 [organica]
Diagnosis	Diagnosis: Sonora palarostris can be distinguished from all other Sonora, except S. occipitalis and S. palarostris, by the presence of a flattened, spadelike rostrum. Whereas both S. occipitalis and S. annulata, have more than 23 crossbands, S. palarostris has fewer than 23 crossbands (Cox et al. 2018: 976).
Comment	Subspecies: Cox et al. 2018 are a bit ambiguous of whether thes subspecies are still recognized. They list organica as a synonym but then say that there are two recognized subspecies. Distribution: see map in Mahrdt et al. 2001.
Etymology	The name palarostris is derived from the Latin pala meaning "shovel or spade" and the Latin rostrum meaning "snout or beak," in reference to the shovel-shaped morphology of the snout. The subspecies organica is a toponym in reference to the Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, where the holotype and 14 paratypes were collected.
References	Cox, Christian L.; Alison R. Davis Rabosky, Iris A. Holmes, Jacobo Reyes-Velasco, Corey E. Roelke, Eric N. Smith, Oscar Flores-Villela, Jimmy A. McGuire & Jonathan A. Campbell 2018. Synopsis and taxonomic revision of three genera in the snake tribe Sonorini. Journal of Natural History 52: 945-988 - get paper here Crother, B. I. (ed.) 2012. Standard Common and Current Scientific Names for North American Amphibians, Turtles, Reptiles, and Crocodilians, Seventh Edition. Herpetological Circular 39: 1-92 Heimes, P. 2016. Snakes of Mexico. Chimaira, Frankfurt, 572 pp Klauber, Laurence M. 1937. A new snake of the genus Sonora from Mexico. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History 8 (27): 363-366 - get paper here Klauber, Laurence M. 1951. The shovel-nosed snake, Chionactis with descriptions of two new subspecies. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History 11 (9): 141-204 - get paper here Kunz, Kriton 2015. Schlangen, die Wirbellose fressen. Terraria-Elaphe 2015 (5): 14-20 - get paper here Lemos-Espinal JA, Smith GR, Rorabaugh JC 2019. A conservation checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Sonora, Mexico, with updated species lists. ZooKeys 829: 131-160 - get paper here Lemos-Espinal, Julio A. (ed.) 2015. Amphibians and Reptiles of the US - Mexico Border States / Anfibios y Reptiles de los Estados de la Frontera México - Estados Unidos. Texas A&M University Press, College Station, Texas. x + 614 pp.; ISBN 978-1-62349-306-6. - get paper here Mahrdt, Clark R., Kent R. Beaman, Philip C. Rosen and Peter A. Holm 2001. Chionactis Cope Shovel-nosed Snakes. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles (730): 1-6 - get paper here Mahrdt, Clark R., Kent R. Beaman, Philip C. Rosen and Peter A. Holm 2001. Chionactis palarostris (Klauber) Sonoran Shovel-nosed Snake. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles (732): 1-5 - get paper here Nevárez-de los Reyes; Manuel, David Lazcano, Javier Banda-Leal and Ian Recchio 2014. Notes on Mexican Herpetofauna 22: Herpetofauna of the Continental Portion of the Municipality of Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. Bull. Chicago Herp. Soc. 49(8):105-115 - get paper here O’Shea, M. 2018. The Book of Snakes. Ivy Press / Quarto Publishing, London, - get paper here Pregill, Gregory K.;Berrian, James E. 1984. Type specimens of amphibians and reptiles in the San Diego Natural History Museum. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History 20 (10): 151-164 - get paper here Stebbins,R.C. 1985. A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, 2nd ed. Houghton Mifflin, Boston Wallach, Van; Kenneth L. Williams , Jeff Boundy 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. [type catalogue] Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp.
External links	IUCN Red List National Center for Biotechnology Information Google images

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