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Spondylurus sloanii (DAUDIN, 1803)

IUCN Red List - Spondylurus sloanii - Critically Endangered, CR
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Higher TaxaScincidae, Mabuyinae (Mabuyini), Scincoidea, Sauria, Squamata (lizards)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Virgin Islands Bronze Skink 
SynonymScincus sloanii DAUDIN 1803: 287
Scincus sloanei — MERREM 1820: 70
Spondylurus sloanei — FITZINGER 1826: 23
Tiliqua sloanii — GRAY 1831: 70
Scincus richardi — COCTEAU 1837
Tiliqua richardi — GRAY 1838: 292
Tiliqua sloanii — GRAY 1838: 293
Eumeces sloanii — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1839: 639
Mabouya sloanei — GRAY 1845: 94
Mabuia cuprescens — COPE 1862: 186
E[uprepes] semitaeniatus — PETERS 1871: 400 (part).
Mabuya sloanii — BOCOURT 1879: 401 (part)
Mabuia sloanii — GARMAN 1887
Mabuia nitida — GARMAN 1887: 51 (part)
Mabuia sloanii — BOULENGER 1887: 193 (part)
Mabuia sloanii — MEERWARTH 1901: 37
Mabuya sloanii — STEJNEGER 1904: 608 (part)
Mabuya sloanii — BARBOUR 1914: 320 (part)
Mabuya sloanii — SCHMIDT 1928: 121 (part)
Mabuya sloanii — BARBOUR 1930: 105 (part)
Mabuya mabouia — BARBOUR 1935: 129 (part)
Mabuya mabouya sloanii — DUNN 1936: 544 (part)
Mabuya mabouia — BARBOUR 1937: 147 (part)
Mabuya sloanii — GRANT 1937: 517 (part)
Mabuya mabouya sloanei — SCHWARTZ & THOMAS 1975: 141 (part)
Mabuya mabouya sloanei — MACLEAN et al. 1977: 30–34 (part)
Mabuya mabouya sloanei — HEATWOLE et al. 1981: 34 (part)
Mabuya mabouya sloanii — BRYGOO 1985: 101 (part)
Mabuya mabouya sloanei — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1988: 151 (part)
Mabuya mabouya sloanei — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1991: 457 (part)
Mabuya bistriata — POWELL et al. 1996: 82 (part)
Mabuya sloanii — MAYER & LAZELL 2000: 883 (part)
Mabuya sloanii — MIRALLES 2005: 49 (part)
Mabuya sloanii — HENDERSON & POWELL 2009: 293 (part)
Spondylurus sloanii — HEDGES & CONN 2012: 201 
DistributionBritish Virgin Islands (Little Tobago, Norman Island, Peter Island, and Salt Island); U.S. Virgin Islands (St. Thomas and its islets of Capella Island, Little Buck Island, Little Saba Island, and Water Island)

Type locality: not given; Duméril & Bibron, 1839:639 restricted the type locality to “Saint-Thomas”.

cuprescens: St. Thomas  
Reproductionovovivparous 
TypesHolotype: MNHN-RA 0554; Duméril & Bibron, 1839:639 redescribed the holotype of Scincus sloanii Daudin, collected by "Richard père" = Louis Claude Richard, probably in 1781–89. Also listed as holotype in MCZ catalogue #170884.
Holotype: apparently lost [cuprescens] 
DiagnosisDiagnosis: Spondylurus sloanii is characterized by (1) maximum SVL in males, 71.6 mm; (2) maximum SVL in females, 88.9 mm; (3) snout width, 2.10–3.11% SVL; (4) head length, 15.2–19.2% SVL; (5) head width, 11.8– 13.9% SVL; (6) ear length, 1.12–1.73% SVL; (7) toe-IV length, 8.05–11.2% SVL; (8) prefrontals, two (95%), four (5%); (9) supraoculars, three (2%), four (98%); (10) supraciliaries, three (5%), four (95%); (11) frontoparietals, two; (12) supralabial below the eye, five (18%), six (77%), seven (5%); (13) nuchal rows, one (15%), two (75%), three (10%); (14) dorsals, 59–64; (15) ventrals, 58–68; (16) dorsals + ventrals, 118–131; (17) midbody scale rows, 32–34; (18) finger-IV lamellae, 10–13; (19) toe-IV lamellae, 14–17; (20) finger-IV + toe-IV lamellae, 24–30; (21) supranasal contact, Y (95%), N (5%); (22) prefrontal contact, Y (33%), N (67%, although nearly all in near contact); (23) supraocular-1/frontal contact, Y (38%), N (62%); (24) parietal contact, Y (95%), N (5%); (25) pale middorsal stripe, Y; (26) dark dorsolateral stripe, Y; (27) dark lateral stripe, Y; (28) pale lateral stripe, N (or weak); and (29) palms and soles, pale (Tables 3–5). 
CommentSynonymy: after HEDGES & CONN 2012: 201. Cocteau, 1837 was mentioned in Gray [1839:292] and in Duméril and Bibron [1839:639] but only two brief extracts were published by Cocteau [1837a,b]; apparently the full manuscript, with names, was never published. See also discussion in HEDGES & CONN 2012: 206. Pinto-Sánchez et al. 2015 synonymized culebrae, macleani, and monitae with Spondylurus sloani.

Distribution: erroneously reported from Jamaica (Garman, 1887; following Gray 1845).

Conservation status: endangered (Adkins-Giese et al. 2014).

Type species: Scincus sloanii DAUDIN 1803: 287 is the type species of the genus Spondylurus FITZINGER 1826. 
EtymologyThe species (sloanii) was named in honor of Sir Hans Sloane (1660–1753), a British physician who studied the natural history of the West Indies, describing a skink from Jamaica which Daudin (1803) believed to be the same species as the specimen he described from St. Thomas.

The genus name is derived from Greek “sphenos”, meaning vertebra or hinge. 
References
  • Adkins-Giese, C.L., Curry, T., Platenberg, R. 2014. PETITION TO LIST NINE SPECIES OF CARIBBEAN SKINKS AS ENDANGERED UNDER THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT. CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY, 61 pp. - get paper here
  • Barbour, T. 1935. A second list of Antillean reptiles and amphibians. Zoologica 19 (3): 77-141 - get paper here
  • Barbour, Thomas 1914. A Contribution to the Zoögeography of the West Indies, with Especial Reference to Amphibians and Reptiles. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy 44 (2): 205-359 - get paper here
  • Barbour, Thomas 1930. A list of Antillean Reptiles and Amphibians. Zoologica 11 (4): 61-116 - get paper here
  • Barbour, Thomas 1930. Some faunistic changes in the Lesser Antilles. Proc. New England Zool. Club 11: 73-85
  • Barbour,T. and B. Shreve 1937. Novitates Cubanae. Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. Harvard 80: 377-387 - get paper here
  • Beolens, Bo; Michael Watkins, and Michael Grayson 2011. The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, USA - get paper here
  • Bocourt, M. F. 1879. Etudes sur les reptiles, p. i-xiv, 1-1012. In Recherches Zoologiques pour servir a l'Histoire de Ia Faune de l'Amérique Centrale et du Mexique. Mission Scientifique au Mexique et dans l'Amérique Centrale, Recherches zoologiques. Part 2, sect. 1; In A Imprimerie Impériale, Paris [3, Pt. 6], pp. 360–440. - get paper here
  • Boulenger, G. A. 1887. Catalogue of the lizards in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) III. Lacertidae, Gerrhosauridae, Scincidae, Anelytropsidae, Dibamidae, Chamaeleontidae. London: 575 pp. - get paper here
  • Cocteau, J.-T. and G. Bibron 1838. Reptiles, in R. de la Sagra. Historia Física, Política y Natural de la Isla de Cuba, Tomo IV. Arthus Bertrand, Paris, 142 pp. [1838-1843 - index on page 143; but note that BHL has 1840 on the cover page of vol. IV] - get paper here
  • Cope, E.D. 1863. Contributions to Neotropical saurology. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 14 [1862]: 176-188. - get paper here
  • Daudin, F. M. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière des Reptiles, Vol. 4. F. Dufart, Paris, 397 pp. - get paper here
  • Duméril, A. M. C. and G. Bibron. 1839. Erpétologie Générale on Histoire Naturelle Complète des Reptiles. Vol. 5. Roret/Fain et Thunot, Paris, 871 pp. - get paper here
  • Dunn, Emmett Reid 1935. Notes on American Mabuyas. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 87: 533-560 - get paper here
  • Fitzinger, L. 1826. Neue Classification der Reptilien nach ihren natürlichen Verwandtschaften nebst einer Verwandschafts-Tafel und einem Verzeichnisse der Reptilien-Sammlung des K. K. Zoologischen Museums zu Wien. J. G. Heubner, Wien, 66 pp. - get paper here
  • Fowler, H. W. 1918. Some amphibians and reptiles from Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Publ. Carnegie Inst. Washington, 252: 1-16.
  • Garman, S. 1887. On West Indian Reptiles. Scincidae. Bull. Essex Inst. 19: 51-53 - get paper here
  • Grant, C. 1937. Herpetological notes with new species from the American and British Virgin Islands, 1936. J. Dept. Agric. Puerto Rico 21: 503-522.
  • Gray, J. E. 1831. A synopsis of the species of Class Reptilia. In: Griffith, E & E. Pidgeon: The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organisation by the Baron Cuvier with additional descriptions of all the species hither named, and of many before noticed [V Whittaker, Treacher and Co., London: 481 + 110 pp. [1830] - get paper here
  • Gray, J. E. 1845. Catalogue of the specimens of lizards in the collection of the British Museum. Trustees of die British Museum/Edward Newman, London: xxvii + 289 pp. - get paper here
  • Hedges, S.B. & Conn, C.E. 2012. A new skink fauna from Caribbean islands (Squamata, Mabuyidae, Mabuyinae). Zootaxa 3288: 1–244 - get paper here
  • Mayer, G.C. & Lazell, J. 2000. A new species of Mabuya (Sauria: Scincidae) from the British Virgin Islands. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 113 (4): 871-886 - get paper here
  • Miralles, A. 2005. The identity of Lacertus mabouya LACÉPÈDE 1788, with description of a neotype: an approach toward the taxonomy of new world Mabuya. Herpetologica 61 (1): 46-53 - get paper here
  • Pinto-Sánchez, Nelsy Rocío; Martha L. Calderón-Espinosa, Aurelien Miralles, Andrew J. Crawford, Martha Patricia Ramírez-Pinilla 2015. Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Neotropical skink genus Mabuya Fitzinger (Squamata: Scincidae) with emphasis on Colombian populations. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.07.016 - get paper here
  • Schwartz, A. & Henderson, R.W. 1988. West Indian Amphibian and Reptiles: A Checklist. Milwaukee Publ. Mus. Contr. Biol. Geol. No. 74: 264 pp. - get paper here
  • Schwartz, A. & Henderson, R.W. 1991. Amphibians and Reptiles of the West Indies. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, 720 pp.
  • Schwartz, A. and R. Thomas. 1975. A checklist of West Indian amphibians and reptiles. Carnegie Mus. Nat. Hist. Spec. Publ. 1:1-216. - get paper here
  • Stejneger, L. 1904. The herpetology of Porto Rico. Rept. United States Natl. Mus. 1902: 549-724. - get paper here
 
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