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Stigmochelys pardalis (BELL, 1828)

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Higher TaxaTestudinidae, Testudines (turtles) 
SubspeciesStigmochelys pardalis pardalis (BELL 1828)
Stigmochelys pardalis babcocki (LOVERIDGE 1935) 
Common NamesLeopard Tortoise 
SynonymTestudo pardalis BELL 1828
Testudo biguttata CUVIER 1829 (nomen nudum)
Testudo bipunctata GRAY 1831 (ex errore)
Testudo armata BOIE (nomen nudum) in GRAY 1831
Testudo pardalis — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1835: 71
Testudo pardalis — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1854: 220
Testudo pardalis pardalis — LOVERIDGE 1935
Testudo pardalis babcocki LOVERIDGE 1935
Geochelone (Centrochelys) pardalis — BOUR 1980
Geochelone pardalis babcocki — AUERBACH 1987: 67
Geochelone pardalis babcocki — BROADLEY & HOWELL 1991: 8
Stigmochelys pardalis babcocki — BOUR 2002
Stigmochelys pardalis — BOUR 2002
Stigmochelys pardalis pardalis — BOUR 2002
Stigmochelys pardalis — VALVERDE 2005
Geochelone pardalis — VINKE & VINKE 2005
Psammobates pardalis — LE et al. 2006
Geochelone pardalis — CIMATTI 2006
Stigmochelys (Geochelone) pardalis — BONIN et al 2006
Stigmochelys pardalis —BÖTTCHER 2007
Stigmochelys pardalis pardalis — FRITZ & HAVAS 2007
Stigmochelys pardalis babcocki — FRITZ & HAVAS 2007
Stigmochelys pardalis — FRITZ & BININDA-EMONDS 2007
Geochelone pardalis — LARGEN & SPAWLS 2010: 650
Stigmochelys pardalis —RHODIN et al. 2010 
DistributionS Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania,
Rwanda, Burundi, Zaire, Angola, (Namibia, Mozambique,
Malawi, Zimbabwe, Botswana ?), Swaziland, Zambia

babcocki: Namibia, Uganda, Somalia; Type locality: Mount Debasien, Karamoja, Uganda

Type locality: "Promont. Bonae Spei" (= Cape of Good Hope), Cape Province, Republic of South Africa. Map legend:
TDWG region - Region according to the TDWG standard, not a precise distribution map.

NOTE: TDWG regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and this does not always work properly. We are working on it.
 
Types 
CommentTypes: Not located; originally in the Bell Collection, part of which was later donated to the OUM (fide KING & BURKE 1989).

Size: Reaches 70 cm carapace length and 30 kg.

Subspecies: Not recognized by all recent authors as this species shows extensive geographic variation (BONIN et al. 2006).

Reproduction: oviparous. 
References
  • Adler, Ulla 2005. Leopardikilpikonna Geochelone pardalis pardalis) Pikku j ättiläinen. Herpetomania 14 (3-4):24-27.
  • Amer, S.A.M.; Sallam, F.A.E 2006. Features of mitochondrial DNA in African tortoise “Geochelone pardalis” and their phylogenetic implications. Journal – Egyptian German Society of Zoology 49C:163-176.
  • Auerbach,R.D. 1987. The Amphibians and Reptiles of Botswana. Mokwepa Consultants, Botswana, 295 pp.
  • Bauer, Aaron M.; Branch, William R. & Haacke, Wulf D. 1993. The herpetofauna of the Kamanjab area and adjacent Damaraland, Namibia. Madoqua (Windhoek), 18 (2): 117-145.
  • Bell, T. 1828. Descriptions of three new species of land tortoises. Zoological Journal. London. 3: 419-421.
  • Boettger,O. 1893. Übersicht der von Prof. C. Keller anlässlich der Ruspoli'schen Expedition nach den Somaliländern gesammelten Reptilien und Batrachier. Zool. Anz. 16 (416): 113-119 - get paper here
  • Bonin, F., Devaux, B. & Dupré, A. 2006. Turtles of the World. English translation by P.C.H. Pritchard. Johns Hopkins University Press, 416 pp.
  • Böttcher, M. 2007. Die Versorgung von Reptilien in der Terrarienhaltung mit ultraviolettem Licht. Elaphe 15 (1): 32-37
  • Bour,R. 1980. Essai sur la taxinomie des Testudinidae actuels (Reptilia, Chelonii). Bull. Mus. natl. Hist. nat. Paris (4) 2 (2): 541-546
  • Bourquin, O. 2004. Reptiles (Reptilia) in KwaZulu-Natal: I - diversity and distribution. Durban Museum Novitates 29: 57-103
  • Broadley,D.G. 1962. On some reptile collections from the North-Western and North-Eastern Districts of Southern Rhodesia 1958-1961, with descriptions of four new lizards. Occ. Pap. Nat. Mus. South. Rhodesia 26 (B): 787-843
  • BUSSON, F., & LEOHR, V.J.T. 2011. Stigmochelys pardalis (Bell 1828) Diet Afr. Herp. News (54): 12-13
  • Caccone, Adalgisa; George Amato; Oliver C. Gratry; John Behler and Jeffrey R. Powell 1999. A Molecular Phylogeny of Four Endangered Madagascar Tortoises Based on MtDNA Sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 12 (1): 1–9 - get paper here
  • Chansa, W. & Wagner, P. 2006. On the status of Malacochersus tornieri (SIEBENROCK, 1903) in Zambia. Salamandra 42 (2-3): 187-190 - get paper here
  • Cimatti, E. 2005. Scaly encounters in Kenya. Reptilia (GB) (42): 65-69 - get paper here
  • Cimatti, E. 2006. Reptile Parks in Tanzania. Reptilia (GB) (48): 52-59 - get paper here
  • CONRADIE, W., DOUCETTE-RIISE, S., VANHOOYDONCK, B., ENGELBRECHT,<br />H., MEASEY, G.J., & TOLLEY, K. 2011. Herpetological survey of Rooipoort Nature Reserve, Northern Cape, South Africa Afr. Herp News (53): 35-41
  • CONRADIE, W., ENGELBRECHT, H., HERREL, A., MEASEY, G.J., NIELSEN, S.V., V ANHOOYDONCK, B., & TOLLEY, 2011. Reptile survey of Venetia Limpopo Nature Reserve, Limpopo Province - South Africa African Herp News (55): 6-12
  • Douglas, Rod M. and Magda Rall. 2006. Seasonal shelter selection by Leopard Tortises Geochelone pardalis in the Franklin Nature Reserve, Free State, South Africa. Chelonian Conserv. Biol. 5 (1): 121-129
  • Downs, Colleen T. and Megan K. McMaster. 2006. Base écologique et paramétres démographiques de la Tortue léopard Geochelone pardalis en Afrique du sud. Chéloniens 1: 22-28
  • Duméril, A. M.C., G. BIBRON & A. DUMÉRIL 1854. Erpétologie générale ou Histoire Naturelle complète des Reptiles. Vol. 9. Paris, XX + 440 S. - get paper here
  • Duméril, A.M.C., and G. Bibron. 1835. Erpétologie Générale ou Histoire Naturelle Complète des Reptiles, Vol. 2. Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret, Paris, iv + 680 p. - get paper here
  • Ernst,C.H. and Barbour,R.W. 1989. Turtles of the World. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. - London
  • Fritz, Uwe and Olaf R.P. Bininda-Emonds 2007. When genes meet nomenclature: Tortoise phylogeny and the shifting generic concepts of Testudo and Geochelone. Zoology 110 (4): 298-307 [erratum in vol. 111 (1): 84] - get paper here
  • Greig, J.C., and P.D. Burdett. 1976. Patterns in the distributions of Southern African terrestrial tortoises (Cryptodira: Testudinidae). Zool. Africana 11(2): 250-267.
  • Hall, Georgiana 1995. Leopard tortoises [Geochelone pardalis] Reptile & Amphibian Magazine 1995 (Jan./Feb.): 50-57
  • HASSEN, L. & CUNNINGHAM, P. 2012. Stigmochelys pardalis Bell, 1928 Predation Afr. Herp. News (57): 10
  • Herz, M. 2012. Die Panther-Schildkröte, Stigmochelys pardalis. Natur und Tier Verlag, 64 pp. - get paper here
  • Hughes, B. 1986. Longevity Records of African Captive Amphibians and Reptiles: Part 1: Introduction and Species List 1 - Amphibians and Chelonians Jour. Herp. Ass. Afr. (32): 1-5 - get paper here
  • Iverson, John B. 2006. Statut taxonomique de tortue léopard Stigmochelys pardalis. Chéloniens 1:19-21.
  • Lambris, A. J. L. 1998. The leopard tortoise, Geochelone pardalis: one taxon or two?. African Herp News (28): 18-19
  • Largen, M.J.; Spawls, S. 2010. Amphibians and Reptiles of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt, 694 pp.
  • Le, Minh; Christopher J. Raxworthy, William P. McCord and Lisa Mertz 2006. A molecular phylogeny of tortoises (Testudines: Testudinidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 450 (2): 517-531 - get paper here
  • Loveridge, A. 1935. Scientific results of an expedition to rain forest regions in Eastern Africa. I. New reptiles and amphibians from East Africa. Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. Harvard 79: 1- 19. - get paper here
  • Loveridge, Arthur & Williams, Ernest E. 1957. Revision of the African Tortoises and Turtles of the Suborder Cryptodira. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard 115 (6): 163-557 - get paper here
  • Loveridge,A. 1936. African reptiles and amphibians in the Field Museum of Natural History. Zool. Ser. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Chicago, 22 (1): 1-122 - get paper here
  • McMaster, M.K. & Downs, C.T. 2006. Do seasonal and behavioral differences in the use of refuges by the Leopard Tortoise (Geochelone pardalis) favor passice thermoregulation? Herpetologica 62 (1): 37-46 - get paper here
  • Mertens, R. 1938. Über eine herpetologische Sammlung aus dem Gebiete des Njarasa-Grabens Ost-Afrikas. Veröffentlichungen aus dem Deutschen Kolonial- und Übersee-Museum in Bremen 2 (1): 1-9 [no page numbers]
  • Milton, Suzanne;Dean, Richard 1993. The leopard tortoise in the Karoo [Geochelone pardalis] African Wildlife 47 (1): 27-28
  • Neron, Kevin. 2006. Maintenance en captivité de la tortue léopard Stigmochelys pardalis (R. Bour 1984). Chéloniens 1: 29-37
  • Razzetti, E. & Msuya, C.A. 2002. Field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of Arusha National Park (Tanzania). Publ. Ed. Negri Istituto, Oikos, Varese, 84 pp.
  • Rhodin, A.G.J.; van Dijk, P.P.; Iverson, J.B. & Shaffer, H.B. [turtle taxonomy working group] 2010. Turtles of the World, 2010 Update: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status. Chelonian Research Monographs (ISSN 1088-7105) No. 5, doi:10.3854/crm.5.000.checklist.v3.2010
  • Simang, Anne; Peter L. Cunningham, and Brian T. Henen 2010. Color Selection by Juvenile Leopard Tortoises (Stigmochelys pardalis) in Namibia. Journal of Herpetology 44 (2): 327–331 - get paper here
  • Soler Massana, J. & Martínez Silvestre, A. 2005. Taxonomie, Ökologie und Schutz der Pantherschildkröte (Stigmochelys pardalis). Reptilia (Münster) 10 (56): 31-35 - get paper here
  • Soler Massana, J. & Martínez Silvestre, A. 2005. Stigmochelys pardalis - Taxonomy, ecology, and conservation of the Leopard Tortoise. Reptilia (GB) (43): 31-35 - get paper here
  • Valverde, J. 2005. Afrikanische Landschildkröten. Reptilia (Münster) 10 (56): 18-25 - get paper here
  • Valverde, J. 2005. African Tortoises. Reptilia (GB) (43): 12-20 - get paper here
  • Vinke, T. & Vinke, S. 2005. Die Lanschildkröten Afrikas - Vielfalt durch Anpassung an extreme Lebensräume. Reptilia (Münster) 10 (56): 26-28 - get paper here
  • Vinke, T. & Vinke, S. 2005. The tortoises of Africa. Diversity through adaptation to extreme habitats. Reptilia (GB) (43): 21-25 - get paper here
 
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