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Tantilla melanocephala (LINNAEUS, 1758)

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Higher TaxaColubridae, Colubrinae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Neotropical Black-headed Snake, Black-headed Snake (equatoriana: Equator Centipede Snake)
G: Dunkelköpfige Schwarzkopfschlange
S: Culebra de cabeza negra
Portuguese: Cinco-Minutos, Cobra-da-Terra, Cobra-do-Folhiço, Cobra-Rainha, Coral-Falsa, Falsa-Cabeça-Preta, Falsa-Coral, Onze-Horas, Tantila 
SynonymColuber melanocephalus LINNAEUS 1758: 218
Natrix melanocephalus — MERREM 1820
Elaps melanocephalus WAGLER 1824
Duberria melanocephala — FITZINGER 1826
Lycodon melanocephalum — BOIE 1827
Cloelia melanocephala — WAGLER 1830
Calamaria melanocephala — SCHLEGEL 1837
Homalocranion melanocephalum — DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL 1854: 859
Tantilla melanocephala — COPE 1861
Elapomorphus mexicanus GÜNTHER 1862: 57
Homalocranion melanocephalum — JAN 1866
Tantilla armillata COPE 1876
Homalocranium melanocephalum var. fuscum BOCOURT 1883: 589
Elapomorphus mexicanus — STRAUCH 1884: 562
Elapomorphus mexicanus — GARMAN 1884: 89
Tantilla pallida COPE 1887: 56
Homalocranion melanocephalus — VELASCO (in error) 1891
Homalocranium armillatum- GÜNTHER 1895
Homalocranium melanocephalum var. fraseri GÜNTHER 1895
Homalocranium melanocephalum var. melanocephalum GÜNTHER 1895
Homalocranium melanocephalum var. pernambucense GÜNTHER 1895
Homalocranium mexicanum — GÜNTHER 1895
Homalocranium fuscum — BOULENGER 1896
Homalocranium longifrontale BOULENGER 1896: 17
Homalocranium hoffmanni WERNER 1909: 239
Elapomorphus nuchalis BARBOUR 1914: 199
Tantilla longifrontale — RUTHVEN 1922
Tantilla longifrontalis — AMARAL 1929: 220
Tantilla fusca — AMARAL 1929
Tantilla mexicana — SMITH 1942: 37
Tantilla melanocephala melanocephala — SCHMIDT & WALKER 1943
Tantilla melanocephala — BEEBE 1946: 43
Tantilla longifrontale — BEEBE 1946: 42
Tantilla melanocephalus — SHREVE 1947
Tantilla melanocephalum — WHEKIND 1955
Tantilla fraseri — PETERS 1960
Tantilla melanocephala melanocephala — PETERS 1960
Tantilla melanocephala melanocephala — PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970
Tantilla mexicana — SMITH & SMITH 1976
Tantilla melanocephala melanocephala — DUELLMAN 1978: 256
Tantilla melanocephala melanocephala — GASC & RODRIGUES 1980
Tantilla equatoriana WILSON & MENA 1980: 23 (fide GREENBAUM et al. 2004)
Tantilla melanocephala — WILSON & MENA 1980: 26
Tantilla melanocephala — KORNACKER 1999: 138
Tantilla equatoria — ZOOLOGICAL RECORD
Tantilla fraseri — LEHR et al. 2002
Tantilla equatoriana — SAWAYA & SAZIMA 2003
Tantilla marcovani DE LEMA 2004
Tantilla longifrontalis — CASTRO 2008
Tantilla melanocephala — RIVAS et al. 2012
Tantilla marcovani — WALLACH et al. 2014: 702
Tantilla melanocephala — WALLACH et al. 2014: 702
Tantilla marcovani — GUEDES et al. 2014
Tantilla marcovani — FREITAS et al. 2016
Tantilla melanocephala — NOGUEIRA et al. 2019 
DistributionPanama,
Trinidad, Tobago, Caribbean: St. Vincent, Union Island, Grenada;
Colombia (incl. Valle del Cauca), Venezuela (Cojedes, Zulia), Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Norte, Amapá, Pará, Rondonia, Goias, Bahia, S Ceará, Pernambuco, Piauí, Sergipe), N Argentina (Corrientes [HR 31: 115], Misiones, Gran Chaco, Entre Ríos, Jujuy), Bolivia, Uruguay, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru (Pasco etc.), Paraguay (Vera 2021)

elevation: sea level to 3,080 m (in the intermontane basin of Quito in Ecuador) (WILSON & MATA-SILVA 2015).

equatoriana: S Ecuador (intermediate elevations of the Hoya de Jubones [Pacific drainage]); Type locality: San Lorenzo, Provo Esmeraldas, Ecuador.

fraseri: Ecuador, Peru (Ancash, La Libertad); Type locality: Quito, Ecuador

hoffmanni: Guatemala; type locality: Guatemala

longifrontale: Colombia (E Andes), Ecuador (E Andes); Type locality: Cali, Colombia

marcovani: NE Brazil (Paraiba, Bahia); Type locality: Pico do Jabre, highest point of Paraiba State, Brazil at 50 km SW from Teixeira city (7.13° S; 37.15° W), Maturéia locality. The region is located in highlands within Caatinga, with 1090 m elevation.

Type locality: “America”  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesLectotype: NRM 86 (designated by Santos-Azevedo et al. 2024); see also comment.
holotype: USNM 198530, male [equatoriana]
Holotype: ZMH [hoffmanni]
Lectotype: ZSM 2173/0/1, designation by Hoogmoed & Gruber 1983 [Elaps melanocephalus]
Holotype: MCZ 1164 [nuchalis]
Holotype: ANSP 11215; Brazil, Matto Grosso, Chapada [Tantilla pallida]
Holotype: BMNH 1946.1.8.84 [longifrontale]
Syntypes: BMNH 1946.1.8.77; 1946.1.8.80; 1946.1.9.84 [fraseri]
Holotype: MNRJ 6525 [marcovani] 
DiagnosisDiagnosis: Tantilla melanocephala is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of traits: (1) dark head cap transitions into dark nape band with two pale spots covering the posterior parietals, posterior edge of temporals, and associated post parietal scales; (2) pale preocular spot; (3) lateral extension of the head cap contacts gulars; (4) no pale nape band posterior to the dark nape band; (5) background color tan with nine dark brown stripes; and (6) a greater number of subcaudals compared to other members of the T. melanocephala group. Tantilla melanocephala is characterized by extensive geographic variation in the color pattern, a wide range of ventral (126–177 ventrals) and subcaudal counts (41–74), as well as occupation of seven different biomes (Wilson and Mena 1980; Wilson 1992, Jowers et al. 2020). 
CommentSynonymy partly after PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970, WILSON 1999, WALLACH et al. 2014: 688, and WILSON & MATA-SILVA (2015). Tantilla melanocephala capistrata has been elevated to species status. Tantilla equatoriana has been synonymized with T. melanocephala by GREENBAUM et al. (2004). T. ruficeps has been resurrected from the synonymy of T. melanocephala by SAVAGE (2002). WILSON & MATA-SILVA 2015 consider Tantilla marcovani DE LEMA 2004 as a synonym of Tantilla melanocephala.

Distribution: Limited to Panama and South America (Wallach et al. 2014: 702. The populations referred to T. melanocephala from Guatemala to western Panama are considered to constitute two distinct species, T armillata and T. ruficeps, that are marginally sympatric in central Costa Rica (Savage 2002). Taylor's (1954) record for T. armillata from southwestern Costa Rica is based on an example (KU 31960) of T. ruficeps. Not in Honduras fide McCranie 2015 (checklist Honduras, snakes of Honduras). Not in Mexico fide WILSON & MATA-SILVA 2015 (Mesoamerican Herpetology 1: 5-95), LINER 1994, and Heimes 2016. T. mexicana has been (erroneously) reported from Mexico (Chiapas) and Guatemala. See map in Nogueira et al. 2019.

The T. melanocephala Group is the second largest species group in the genus
and includes T. andinista, T. capistrata, [T. equatoriana,] T. insulamontana, T. lempira, T. melanocephala, and T. miyatai (Wilson, 1999).
This species is characterized by extensive geographic variation in color pattern, ventral and subcaudal counts, and habitats occupied (Wilson and Mena, 1980).

Types: Linnaeus (1758) designated two type specimens in the description of Coluber melanocephalus. However, when examining these syntypes, Andersson (1899) pointed out that the two specimens belonged to different species. The specimen NRM 15 was identified as a Polyodontophis subpunctatus (Duméril et al., 1854) by Andersson (1899), a species that is restricted to southern Asia. Despite this observation, Andersson (1899) did not formally designate the other specimen as a lectotype (Wilson & Mata‐Silva, 2015). Although Wallach et al. (2014) cited the specimen NRM 86 as a lectotype in their catalogue, this is not considered a formal designation in accordance with Article 74.7.3 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (Anonymous, 1999). For this reason, Azevedo et al. 2024 formally designated specimen NRM 86 (Fig. 12) (deposited at the Museum Adolphi Friderici/ Swedish Museum of Natural History‐NRM, Stockholm, Sweden) as the lectotype of Coluber melanocephalus Linnaeus, 1758 (Anonymous, 1999: art. 74.7). Consequently, specimen NRM 15 is established as a paralectotype (Anonymous, 1999: art. 73.2.2). (Azevedo et al. 2024) 
EtymologyNamed after its black (”melano”) head (from Greek cephale = head).

T. marcovani has been named after Marcovan Porto, collector of the holotype. 
References
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