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Trilepida macrolepis (PETERS, 1858)

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Higher TaxaLeptotyphlopidae, Epictinae, Epictini, Typhlopoidea, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Big-scaled Blind Snake
Portuguese: Cobra-Cega, Minhocão 
SynonymStenostoma macrolepis PETERS 1858
Stenostoma (Tricheilostoma) macrolepis — JAN 1861
Glauconia macrolepis — BOULENGER 1893: 69
Leptotyphlops macrolepis — RUTHVEN 1922: 64
Leptotyphlops ihlei BRONGERSMA 1933
Leptotyphlops macrolepis — GASC & RODRIGUES 1980
Leptotyphlops macrolepis — STARACE 1998: 77
Leptotyphlops macrolepis — MCDIARMID, CAMPBELL & TOURÉ 1999: 35
Leptotyphlops macrolepis — ROCHA et al. 2004
Tricheilostoma macrolepis — ADALSTEINSSON et al. 2009
Trilepida macrolepis — HEDGES 2011
Tricheilostoma macrolepis — PINTO & FERNANDES 2012
Tricheilostoma macrolepis — BARKER et al. 2012
Tricheilostoma macrolepis — COLE et al. 2013
Trilepida macrolepis — WALLACH et al. 2014: 739
Trilepida macrolepis — PINTO & FERNANDES 2017
Trilepida macrolepis — NOGUEIRA et al. 2019 
DistributionPanama, Colombia (incl. Valle del Cauca), Venezuela (Cojedes), Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, N Brazil (Para, Rio de Janeiro), Ecuador

Type locality: “Carácas, Puerto Cabello” [Venezuela], restricted to “Puerto Cabello” by designation of the lectotype.  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesLectotype: ZMB 1434 (designated by OREJAS-MIRANDA 1967)
Paralectotypes: ZMB 5294, 5722
Holotype: RMNH 4466 [ihlei] 
DiagnosisDiagnosis (genus): Species of Trilepida have 14 midbody scale rows, 12 midtail scale rows, 173–288 middorsal scale rows, 6–16 subcaudals, three (two in G. greenwelli) supralabials, small anterior supralabials (large in G. sundewalli), 112–188 mm maximum adult total length, a body shape of 24–69.2 (total length/width), a relative tail length of 2.4–7.0 %, a tail shape of 1.4–4.3, no striped pattern, a brown dorsum (unpigmented in G. greenwelli), and paler brown venter (Table 2). They are distinguished from the other genus in this tribe, Rhinoleptus, by having 14 midbody scale rows (versus 16), 12 midtail rows (versus 14), 173–288 middorsal rows (versus 302–546), 6–16 subcaudals (versus 21–28), and a body shape of 24–69.2 (versus 67–77) [ADALSTEINSSON et al. 2009]. 
CommentSynonymy: Orejas-Miranda 1996, Hoogmoed 1977, Pinto & Fernandes 2017.

Type species: Stenostoma macrolepis PETERS 1857 is the type species of the genus Trilepida HEDGES 2011. Loveridge (1957) erroneously designated Stenosoma macrolepis as type species of the genus Tricheilostoma (see Tricheilostoma bicolor for details). 
EtymologyNamed after its large scales (Greek makros = large, lepis = scale)

The genus name is from classical Greek, feminine, meaning three scales, in allusion to the presence of presence of three supralabials. 
References
  • Adalsteinsson, S.A.; Branch, W.R.; Trapé, S.; Vitt, L.J. & Hedges, S.B. 2009. Molecular phylogeny, classification, and biogeography of snakes of the Family Leptotyphlopidae (Reptilia, Squamata). Zootaxa 2244: 1-50 - get paper here
  • Barrio-Amorós, Cesar Luis, Michelle Quiroz, Cristian Porras-Ramírez, Rene Villanueva-Maldonado, Alejandro Estrada-García, Abel Batista 2023. Amphibians and reptiles encountered during an expedition to Panama. Reptiles & Amphibians 30 (1): e18359 - get paper here
  • BERNARDE, P.S., ALBUQUERQUE, S., BARROS, T.O. & TURCI, L.C.B. 2012. Serpentes do Estado de Rondônia, Brasil. Biota Neotropica 12 (3): 1-29 - get paper here
  • Boulenger, G.A. 1893. Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) I. London (Taylor & Francis), 448 pp. - get paper here
  • Brongersma,L.D. 1933. A new species of Leptotyphlops from Surinam. Zoologische Mededelingen 15: 175-176 - get paper here
  • Carvajal-Cogollo, J.E.; L.E. Rojas-Murcia. & G. Cárdenas-Arévalo 2020. Reptiles del Caribe colombiano/ Reptiles of the Colombian Caribbean. Tunja: Editorial UPTC, 268 pp. - get paper here
  • Cole, Charles J.; Carol R. Townsend, Robert P. Reynolds, Ross D. MacCulloch, and Amy Lathrop 2013. Amphibians and reptiles of Guyana, South America: illustrated keys, annotated species accounts, and a biogeographic synopsis. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 125 (4): 317-578; plates: 580-620 - get paper here
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  • Natera-Mumaw, Marco; Luis Felipe Esqueda-González & Manuel Castelaín-Fernández 2015. Atlas Serpientes de Venezuela. Santiago de Chile, Dimacofi Negocios Avanzados S.A., 456 pp. - get paper here
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  • Orejas-Miranda, Braulio 1966. Notas sobre la Familia Leptotyphlopidae, I. Revalidación de Leptotyphlops cupinensis Bailey & Carvalho, 1946. II. Sinonimización de L. ihlei Brongersma, 1933 con L. macrolpis (Peters, 1881). Comunicaciones Zoologicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo 9 (108): 1-3
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  • PINTO, ROBERTA R.; PAULO PASSOS, JOSÉ RANCES CAICEDO-PORTILLA, JUAN CAMILO ARREDONDO & RONALDO FERNANDES 2010. Taxonomy of the Threadsnakes of the tribe Epictini (Squamata: Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae) in Colombia. Zootaxa 2724: 1–28 - get paper here
  • PINTO, ROBERTA R.;, & RONALDO FERNANDES 2017. Morphological variation of Trilepida macrolepis (Peters 1857), with reappraisal of the taxonomic status of Rena affinis (Boulenger 1884) (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae: Epictinae). Zootaxa 4244 (2): 246–260 - get paper here
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