Vipera ursinii (BONAPARTE, 1835)

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Higher Taxa	Viperidae, Viperinae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies	Vipera ursinii macrops (MÉHELY 1911) Vipera ursinii moldavica NILSON, ANDRÉN & JOGER 1993 Vipera ursinii rakosiensis MÉHELY 1893 Vipera ursinii ursinii (BONAPARTE 1835)
Common Names	E: Meadow Viper, Orsinis Viper G: Wiesenotter; rakosiensis: Ungarische Wiesenotter Croatian: planinski žutokrug Italian: vipera di Orsini
Synonym	Pelias Ursinii BONAPARTE 1835 (under Pelias chersea) Vipera ursinii — BOULENGER 1893: 596 Acridophaga uralensis REUSS 1925 Vipera ursinii wettsteini KNÖPFLER & SOCHUREK, 1955 Vipera ursinii — ENGELMANN et al 1993 Vipera ursinii — MCDIARMID, CAMPBELL & TOURÉ 1999: 409 Vipera (Pelias) ursinii — VENCHI & SINDACO 2006 Vipera (Acridophaga) ursinii — SOS 2008 Pelias ursinii — WALLACH et al. 2014: 545 Vipera ursinii macrops MÉHELY 1911 Vipera macrops MÉHELY 1911: 203 Vipera macrops — VEITH 1991 Vipera (Pelias) ursinii forma trans. rudolphi REUSS 1924 Vipera macrops macrops — WELCH 1994: 123 Vipera ursinii macrops — SCHWEIGER 2009 Vipera ursinii macrops — TRAPP 2011 Vipera ursinii macrops — TRAPP 2014 Vipera ursinii macrops — GEBHART 2020 Vipera ursinii moldavica NILSON, ANDRÉN & JOGER 1993 Vipera ursinii moldavica — SCHWEIGER 2009 Vipera ursinii moldavica — TRAPP 2014 Vipera ursinii rakosiensis MÉHELY 1893 Vipera berus rakosiensis MÉHELY 1893: 190 Vipera ursinii rakosiensis — SCHWEIGER 2009 Vipera ursinii rakosiensis — WAGNER et al. 2015 Vipera ursinii rakosiensis — HALLMEN 2015
Distribution	SE France, E Austria, Italy, Croatia, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Monte Negro, Macedonia, Serbia, N Albania, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, Moldova. macrops: Balkan, incl. Montenegro; Type locality: Herzegowina, Konto moldavica: Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova; Type locality: Valea lui David, Jasi, Romania. rakosiensis: E Austria, Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, S Romania, N Bulgaria; Type locality: Rákos, Budapest, Hungary (part of the city now... there is no habitat anymore, fide E. Mizsei, pers. comm., 4 Feb 2017) ursinii: C Italy; Type locality: “... monti dell’Abruzzo prossimi alla provincia d’Ascoli...” (mountains of Abruzzi, near Ascoli province, Italy). wettsteini: SE France; Type locality: Montagne de Lure, Basses Alps. Type locality: Italy
Reproduction	ovovivparous
Types	Lectotype: ANSP 6915 Holotype: ZSM, untraced, uncatalogued, possibly destroyed during WW II [rudolphi] Lectotype: NMW [macrops] Holotype: NHMG 5057 [moldavica] Lectotype: BMNH 1894.1.22.21 fide Golay et al. 1993: 290 [rakosiensis]
Diagnosis
Comment	Venomous! Synonymy: Vipera ursinii ebneri KNÖPFLER & SOCHUREK, 1955 is now considered a synonym of V. eriwanensis. Vipera ursinii renardi (CHRISTOPH, 1861) is now considered as a valid species. Synonymy partly after KHALIKOV & ANANJEVA (pers. comm.). Subspecies: Golay et al. (1993) recognized 4 subspecies: V. u. ursinii, rakosiensis, eriwanensis, and renardi, of which the latter 2 have been raised to species status. Vipera ursinii anatolica EISELT & BARAN 1970 is also treated as a full species now. Vipera ursinii graeca NILSON & ANDRÉN 1988 has been elevated to full species status. Distribution: not in Ukraine fide Viktor Gasso, pers. comm. 12 June 2011. Joger and Stümpel (2005) recently recognized V. ursinii as being restricted to Europe, ranging as isolated populations from France in the west to Moldova in the east. Records of V. ursinii from the following countries represent V. renardi: NW Iran, Armenia, Russia, Moldova, Georgia, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, eastward through Kazakhstan to Mt. Altai, south to Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, China (W Xinjiang). Not in Kazakhstan fide Dujsebayeva (2010 and pers. comm., 6 Feb 2012). See map in Mizsei et al. 2017: 78 (Fig. 1) for all subspecies and V. graeca. For a map see Sindaco et al. 2013. Diet: grasshoppers, crickets, etc.
Etymology	Named after Antonio Orsini (1788-1870), an Italian pharmacist and naturalist who collected the viper holotype (1833). He made large collections of artifacts, minerals, fossils, shells, and plants, all of which are housed at the Natural History Museum, Ascoli Piceno (where he lived).
References	Baron, Jean-Pierre; Ferriere, Regis; Saint Girons, Hubert 1993. Differenciation morphologique de quatre popuations francaises de Vipera ursinii ursinii Bonaparte, 1835 (Reptilia, Viperidae). Revue suisse de Zoologie 100 (1): 187-196 - get paper here Benyr, Gerald 2016. Eine Checkliste von Sicherheitsvorkehrungen bei der Haltung von Giftschlangen. Terraria-Elaphe 2016 (2): 66-70 - get paper here Beolens, Bo; Michael Watkins, and Michael Grayson 2011. The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, USA - get paper here Beshkov, V & Nanev, K 2006. The Amphibians and Reptiles in Bulgaria. Pensoft Series Faunistica 46, 120 pp. Billing H; Nilson G; Sattler U 1990. Vipera pontica sp. n., a new viper species in the kaznakovi group (Reptilia, Viperidae) from northeastern Turkey and adjacent Transcaucasia. Zoologica Scripta 19 (2): 227-231 - get paper here Billing, H. 1985. 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[type catalogue] Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp. Werner, F. 1894. Herr Dr. Franz Werner besprach und demonstrirte einige herpetologische Objecte. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 44: 3 - get paper here Woerkom, A.B. van 1987. Breeding results: Vipera ursinii renardi. Litteratura Serpentium 7 (3): 102-103 - get paper here Zinenko, Oleksandr; Nikolaus Stümpel, Lyudmila Mazanaeva, Andrey Bakiev, Konstantin Shiryaev, Aleksey Pavlov, Tatiana Kotenko, Oleg Kukushkin, Yury Chikin, Tatiana Dujsebayeva, Göran Nilson, Nikolai L. Orlov, Sako Tuniyev, Natalia B. Ananjeva, Robert 2015. Mitochondrial phylogeny shows multiple independent ecological transitions and northern dispersion despite of Pleistocene glaciations in meadow and steppe vipers (Vipera ursinii and Vipera renardi). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 85-100; doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.12.005 - get paper here
External links	IUCN Red List National Center for Biotechnology Information http://www.kingsnake.com/viperidae/images/photos.htm http://www.wildherps.com/species/E.tigrinus.html http://www.hylawerkgroep.be/jeroen/index.php?id=23 http://www.reptarium.cz/foto.php?cid=9&page=260&id=1893 http://www.aircav.com/survival/appe/asappe10.html http://actazool.nhmus.hu/ac47_2-3.html http://www.seh-herpetology.org/images/atlas/pdf/ophidia/vipurs.pdf http://www.seh-herpetology.org/sites/seh-herpetology.org/files/uploads… Google images

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