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Amphisbaena carvalhoi GANS, 1965

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Higher TaxaAmphisbaenidae, Amphisbaenia, Lacertoidea, Sauria, Squamata (lizards)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Carvalho Worm Lizard
Portuguese: Cobra-de-Duas-Cabeças, Cobra-Cega 
SynonymAmphisbaena carvalhoi GANS 1965: 625
Amphisbaena carvalhoi — PETERS & DONOSO-BARROS 1970: 30
Amphisbaena lumbricalis VANZOLINI 1996
Amphisbaena lumbricalis — GANS 2005: 16
Amphisbaena carvalhoi — GANS 2005: 12
Amphisbaena lumbricalis — GOMES-TAVARES et al. 2021
Amphisbaena carvalhoi — DANTAS-SALES et al. 2024 
DistributionBrazil (Pernambuco)

Type locality: Pocão, Serra de Acahy, Municipio de Pesqueira, Pernambuco, Brazil, 1035 m. elevation.

lumbricalis: Brazil (on the Rio Sao Francisco, between the states of Alagoas and Sergipe, Pernambuco, Paraíba); Type locality: Brazil: Alagoas: Planta Hidroelectrica de Xingo, Bajo Rio San Francisco, left side.  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesHolotype: MNRJ R2095. Paratypes: MNRJ R1759, R2093, 2094, R2096–2098, SU 17289,17290.
Holotype: MZUSP 79433. Paratypes: MZUSP 79434–79490 (57 specimens), same data as the holotype; MZUSP 79419–79432 (14 specimens), right side of the river, Sergipe [lumbricalis] 
DiagnosisDiagnosis: A very small form of Amphishaena without major fusions of liead shields, with slightly enlarged first parietals, with three supra- and three infralabials; and with two postgenial and no postmalar rows. The head is slightly compressed dorsoventrally, noticeably set off from the neck and bears a regular segmentation pattern. The form has 231 to 245 body annuli; 7 to 8 caudal annuli up to the autotomy constriction (all tails are complete); 19 to 22 caudal annuli from the cloaca to the conical caudal spine; 12 to 14 dorsal and 16 to 18, generally 18, ventral segments to a midbody annulus; and four clearly expressed, small, round precloacal pores in both sexes. The color of preserved specimens is brown dorsally, fading out ventrally on the trunk. The nape and parietal aspects of the head and the dorsal surface of the tail are slightly darker. The lightened area extends across the sui)ralabials and the rostral region. Pigmentation consists of a general coloration of the dorsal segments, emphasized on the rectangular segmental centers. Laterally the margins fade, the rectangles decrease in size, and segmental drop out occurs. (Gans 1965: 625) 
CommentSynonymy: DANTAS-SALES et al. 2024 synonymized Amphisbaena lumbricalis with Amphisbaena carvalhoi.

Morphology: This species is one of ~20 species of Amphisbaena with two precloacal pores (Ribeiro et al. 2019). 
EtymologyNamed after Dr. Antenor Leitao de Carvalho (1910-1985), a Brazilian herpetologist and ichthyologist, specialized in frogs. He became Curator of Herpetology (1941) and, eventually Vice Director of the Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro. 
References
  • Beolens, Bo; Michael Watkins, and Michael Grayson 2011. The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, USA - get paper here
  • Freire, E. M. X., Kolodiuk, M. F., Gogliath, M., Kokubum, M. N. D. C., Rêgo, B. D. P., Ribeiro, M. M., ... & Sales, R. F. D. 2023. The herpetofauna of priority highland areas for conservation of the Caatinga in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, northeastern Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 23, e20221395 - get paper here
  • Freitas, Marco A. de; Marcos J.M. Dubeux, Márcio F. Chaves, Bruno F. Fiorillo, Gentil A.P. Filho, Washington L.S. Vieira, and Geraldo J.B. de Moura 2023. Herpetofauna in three highland Atlantic Forest remnants in northeastern Brazil. Herpetology Notes 16: 377-390
  • Freitas, Marco Antonio de; Arthur Diesel Abegg, Daniel da Silva Araújo, Hugo Estevam de Almeida Coelho, Weverton dos Santos Azevedo, Márcio Frazão Chaves, Geraldo Jorge Barbosa de Moura 2019. Herpetofauna of five "Brejos de Altitude" of the interior of the state of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil. Herpetology Notes 12: 591-602 - get paper here
  • Gans, C. 1965. On Amphisbaena heathi Schmidt and A. carvalhoi, new species, small forms from the northeast of Brazil (Amphisbaenia: Reptilia). [Notes on amphisbaenids 16]. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (4) 31 (23): 613-630. - get paper here
  • Gans, C. 2005. CHECKLIST AND BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE AMPHISBAENIA OF THE WORLD. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 289: 1-130 - get paper here
  • GOMES TAVARES, ANA PAULA; ALCÉSTER DIEGO COELHO-LIMA, FAGNER RIBEIRO DELFIM, DANIEL OLIVEIRA MESQUITA & DANIEL CUNHA PASSOS. 2021. Distribution extension of Amphisbaena lumbricalis Vanzolini, 1996 with its first predation record by snake Erythrolamprus viridis (Günther, 1862). Cuadernos de Herpetología 35(1): 177–181. - get paper here
  • Gomes-Tavares, Ana Paula; José Jorge Sousa Carvalho, Leonardo Barros Ribeiro 2017. First record of Amphisbaena lumbricalis (Squamata, Amphisbaenidae) in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil: including a distribution map and soil classification of its occurrence. Herpetology Notes 10: 19-22 - get paper here
  • Gonzalez R. C. et al. 2020. Lista dos Nomes Populares dos Répteis no Brasil – Primeira Versão. Herpetologia Brasileira 9 (2): 121 – 214 - get paper here
  • Mesquita, Daniel Oliveira; Brygida Alves, Carmem Pedro, Daniel Laranjeiras, Francis Caldas, Isabella Pedrosa, Jefter Rodrigues, Leandro Drummond, Lucas Cavalcanti, Milena Wachlevski, Paulo Nogueira-Costa, Rafaela França, Frederico França 2018. Herpetofauna in two habitat types (tabuleiros and Stational Semidecidual Forest) in the Reserva Biológica Guaribas, northeastern Brazil. Herpetology Notes 11: 455-474 - get paper here
  • OLIVEIRA LIMA, JEFFERSON; HUGO ANDRADE, TAINARA LIMA DA SILVA & EDUARDO JOSÉ DOS REIS DIAS. 2022. Reptiles of Sergipe: current knowledge and sampling discontinuities. Herpetology Notes 15: 69–78. - get paper here
  • RIBEIRO, SÍRIA; JERRIANE O. GOMES, HELDER LÚCIO RODRIGUES DA SILVA, CARLOS EDUARDO D. CINTRA, NELSON JORGE DA SILVA JR. 2016. A new two-pored species of Amphisbaena (Squamata, Amphisbaenidae) from the Brazilian Cerrado, with a key to the two-pored species of Amphisbaena. Zootaxa 4147 (2): 124–142 - get paper here
  • RIBEIRO, SÍRIA; VÂNIA SÁ, ALFREDO P. SANTOS-JR, ROBERTA GRABOSKI, HUSSAM ZAHER, ANDREI G. GUEDES, SHEILA P. ANDRADE, WILIAN VAZ-SILVA 2019. A new species of the Amphisbaena (Squamata, Amphisbaenidae) from the Brazilian Cerrado with a key for the two-pored species. Zootaxa 4550 (3): 301–320 - get paper here
  • ROBERTO, IGOR JOVENTINO; LUCAS B. M. BRITO, & ROBSON W. ÁVILA 2014. A new six-pored Amphisbaena (Squamata: Amphisbaenidae) from the coastal zone of northeast Brazil. Zootaxa 3753 (2): 167–176 - get paper here
  • Teixeira, Mauro; Francisco Dal Vechio, Antonio Mollo Neto, and Miguel Trefaut Rodrigues 2014. A New Two-Pored Amphisbaena Linnaeus, 1758, from Western Amazonia, Brazil (Amphisbaenia: Reptilia). South American J. Herp. 9 (1): 62-74. - get paper here
  • Vanzolini P E. 1996. On slender species of Amphisbaena, with the description of a new one from northeastern Brasil (Reptilia, Amphisbaenia). Pap. Avul. Zool., Sao Paulo 39 (16): 293-305. - get paper here
  • Vanzolini, P.E. 1974. Ecological and geographical distribution of lizards in Pernambuco, northeastern Brasil (Sauria). Papeis Avulsos de Zool. 28(4): 61-90. - get paper here
  • Vanzolini, P.E. 2002. AN AID TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE SOUTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF AMPHISBAENA (SQUAMATA, AMPHISBAENIDAE). Pap. Avul. Zool., Sao Paulo 42(15):351-362 - get paper here
  • Vanzolini,P.E. 1991. Two new small species of Amphisbaena from the fossil dune field of the middle Rio São Francisco, State of Bahia, Brasil (Reptilia, Amphisbaenia). Pap. Avul. Univ. Sao Paulo. 37 (17): 259-276
 
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