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Atractus latifrons (GÜNTHER, 1868)

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Higher TaxaColubridae (Dipsadinae), Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Broadhead Ground Snake
S: Falsa coral
Portuguese: Coral, Falsa-Coral 
SynonymGeophis latifrons GÜNTHER 1868: 415
Geophis latifrons — GÜNTHER 1872: 15
Atractus latifrons — BOULENGER 1894: 303
Elaps herthae AHL 1927: 252
Elaps hertae — AMARAL 1930: 54
Atractus latifrons — MERTENS 1956
Atractus latifrons — PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970: 30
Atractus latifrons — HOOGMOED 1980
Atractus latifrons — GASC & RODRIGUES 1980
Atractus latifrons — DA CUNHA & DO NASCIMENTO 1983: 11
Atractus latifrons — STARACE 1998: 134
Atractus latifrons — PASSOS et al. 2007
Atractus latifrons — WALLACH et al. 2014: 74
Atractus latifrons — NOGUEIRA et al. 2019 
DistributionW Brazil (Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia), E Peru (Loreto), E Colombia (Amazonas), French Guiana, S Colombia, Bolivia (Beni, Santa Cruz), Suriname

Type locality: Pebas, Loreto, Peru, 03°20’S, 71°49’W, ca. 100 m elevation.  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesType: BMNH 1946.1.6.52 (and possibly additional specimens). 
DiagnosisDiagnosis: Atractus latifrons can be distinguished from all its congeners by the following combination of characters: (1) dorsal scale rows 17/17/17; (2) postocular single; (3) loreal short, eventually fused to postnasal; (4) temporals 1+2; (5) supralabials six, third and fourth contacting orbit; (6) infralabials seven (n= 79), first four contacting chinshields (n= 80); (7) maxillary teeth five to six, lacking maxillar diastema; (8) gular scale rows three or four; (9) preventrals three or four; (10) ventrals 145–190 in females, 134–178 in males; (11) subcaudals 24–41 in females, 20–42 in males; (12) aposematic coloration, in preservation, with three mainly patterns [bicolor in monads, tricolor in dyads, and tricolor in tetrads] intercalating black and/or white rings separated by red interspaces; (13) ventral coloration, in preservation, similar to dorsum with complete black rings intercalating by red interspaces; (14) body size moderate to large, females reaching 566 mm SVL, males 521 mm SVL; (15) caudal length moderately long in females (10.9-14.6% SVL), moderately long to long in males (13.3–20.0% SVL); (16) hemipenis moderately bilobed, slightly semicapitate, and semicalyculate [Almeida et al. 2014]. 
CommentSynonymy after PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970.

Variation: this is a highly variable species with multiple color patterns (see Almeida et al. 2014). 
EtymologyNamed after New Latin latus (= "broad") and frōns (= "forehead, front"). It is a reference to broad forehead of the species. 
References
  • Ahl, E. 1927. Zwei neue Korallenschlangen der Gattung Elaps. Zool. Anz. 70: 251-252
  • ALMEIDA, PAULA C.; DARLAN T. FEITOSA, PAULO PASSOS & ANA L. C. PRUDENTE 2014. Morphological variation and taxonomy of Atractus latifrons (Günther, 1868) (Serpentes: Dipsadidae). Zootaxa 3860 (1): 064–080 - get paper here
  • BERNARDE, P.S., ALBUQUERQUE, S., BARROS, T.O. & TURCI, L.C.B. 2012. Serpentes do Estado de Rondônia, Brasil. Biota Neotropica 12 (3): 1-29 - get paper here
  • Boulenger, George A. 1894. Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume II., Containing the Conclusion of the Colubridæ Aglyphæ. British Mus. (Nat. Hist.), London, xi, 382 pp. - get paper here
  • Claessen, H. 2003. De slangen can de Guyana’s. Deel iv. Lacerta 61 (1): 19-27 - get paper here
  • Cunha, O R da; do Nascimento F P 1983. Ofidios da Amazonia. 20 - As especies de Atractus Wagler, 1828, na Amazonia oriental & Maranhao (Ophidia, Colubridae). Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi NOVA SERIE ZOOLOGIA (No. 123): 1-38 - get paper here
  • DE ALMEIDA, PAULA CAROLINA R.; DARLAN T. FEITOSA, LEVI CARINA TERRIBILE, RONIEL FREITAS-OLIVEIRA & ANA LÚCIA C. PRUDENTE. 2022. Co-occurrence patterns between false coral snake Atractus latifrons (Günther, 1868) (Serpentes: Dipsadidae) and venomous coral snakes from the Amazon. Anais Da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 94. - get paper here
  • Fraga, R., Lima, A. P., Prudente, A. L. C., & Magnusson, W. E. 2013. Guia de cobras da região de Manaus – Amazônia Central. Manaus: INPA - get paper here
  • Gasc & Rodrigues 1980. Liste preliminaire des Serpents de la Guyane francaise. Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris 2 (4): 559-598
  • Gonzalez R. C. et al. 2020. Lista dos Nomes Populares dos Répteis no Brasil – Primeira Versão. Herpetologia Brasileira 9 (2): 121 – 214 - get paper here
  • Günther, A. 1868. Sixth account of new species of snakes in the collection of the British Museum. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 1: 413-429 - get paper here
  • Günther,A. 1872. Seventh account of new species of snakes in the collection of the British Museum. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 9: 13-37 - get paper here
  • Hoogmoed, M. S. 1980. Revision of the genus Atractus in Surinam, with the ressurection of two species (Colubridae, Reptilia). Notes on the Herpetofauna of Surinam VII. Zoologische Verhandelingen (175): 1-47 - get paper here
  • Martins M. & Oliveira M E. 1993. The snakes of the genus Atractus Wagler (Reptilia: Squamata: Colubridae) from the Manaus region, central Amazonia, Brazil. Zoologische Mededelingen 67 (1-26): 21-40. - get paper here
  • Melo-Sampaio, Paulo Roberto; Paulo Passos, Antoine Fouquet, Ana Lucia Da Costa Prudente & Omar Torres-Carvajal 2019. Systematic review of Atractus schach (Serpentes: Dipsadidae) species complex from the Guiana Shield with description of three new species. Systematics and Biodiversity, 17:3, 207-229, DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2019.1611674 - get paper here
  • Mertens, R. 1956. Das Problem der Mimikry bei Korallenschlangen. Zool. Jahrb., Abt Syst. Ökol. Geogr. Tiere 84: 541-576 + plates 6-14
  • Mertens, R. 1956. Das Problem der Mimikry bei Korallenschlangen. English Translation by Andrew Durso. SMITHSONIAN HERPETOLOGICAL INFORMATION SERVICE 160 (2023) - get paper here
  • Moravec, J., Aparicio, J. 2006. First record of Atractus latifrons (Günther, 1868) from Bolivia (Serpentes: Colubridae). Cas. Nár. Muz., R. prírodoved., 175 (1–2): 13–16
  • Nascimento F Paiva do; de Avila-Pires T C Sauer; da Cunha O Rodrigues 1987. Os repteis da area de Carajas, Para, Brasil (Squamata). 2. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi NOVA SERIE ZOOLOGIA 3(1) 1987: 33-65
  • Nogueira, Cristiano C.; Antonio J.S. Argôlo, Vanesa Arzamendia, Josué A. Azevedo, Fausto E. Barbo, Renato S. Bérnils, Bruna E. Bolochio, Marcio Borges-Martins, Marcela Brasil-Godinho, Henrique Braz, Marcus A. Buononato, Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia, 2019. Atlas of Brazilian snakes: verified point-locality maps to mitigate the Wallacean shortfall in a megadiverse snake fauna. South American J. Herp. 14 (Special Issue 1):1-274 - get paper here
  • O’Shea, M. 2018. The Book of Snakes. Ivy Press / Quarto Publishing, London, - get paper here
  • Passos, P. & Fernandes, R. 2008. A new species of the colubrid snake genus Atractus (Reptilia: Serpentes) from the central Amazon of Brazil. Zootaxa 1849: 59–66 - get paper here
  • Passos, P., R. Fernandes and Borges-Nojosa, D.M. 2007. A New Species of Atractus (Serpentes: Dipsadinae) from a Relictual Forest in Northeastern Brazil. Copeia 2007 (4): 788–797 - get paper here
  • Passos, Paulo; Philippe J. R. Kok, Nelson R. de Albuquerque, and Gilson A. Rivas 2013. Groundsnakes of the Lost World: A Review of Atractus (Serpentes: Dipsadidae) from the Pantepui Region, Northern South America. Herpetological Monographs 27 (1): 52-86 - get paper here
  • Pérez-Santos,C. & Moreno, A.G. 1988. Ofidios de Colombia. Museo reegionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino, Monographie VI, 517 pp.
  • Rengifo M., J. T., Castro Herrera, F. & Purroy Iraizos, F. J. 2015. Uso de hábitat y relaciones ecomorfológicas de un ensamble de Anolis (Lacertilia: Dactyloidae) en la región natural Chocoana, Colombia. Acta Zoológica Mexicana (n.s.) 31 (2): 159-172 - get paper here
  • Rodrigues-França, Frederico Gustavo & Nathocley Mendes-Venâncio 2010. Reptiles and amphibians of a poorly known region in southwest Amazonia Biotemas, 23 (3): 71-84 - get paper here
  • Silva Haad, J.J. 2004. Las serpientes del género Atractus Wagler, 1828 (Colubridae; Xenodontinae) en la Amazonia colombiana. [The snakes of the genus Atractus Wagler, 1828 (Colubridae; Xenodontinae) in the colombian Amazonia.]. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales (108): 409-446
  • Starace, Fausto 1998. Guide des Serpents et Amphisbènes de Guyane. IBIS Rouge Editions, Guadeloupe, Guyane, 450 pp.
  • Starace, Fausto 2013. Guide des Serpents et Amphisbènes de Guyane. Ibis Rouge Editions, Matoury, Guyane, ISBN 978-2-84450-407-4 - get paper here
  • Vaz-Silva, W.; RM Oliveira, AFN Gonzaga, KC Pinto, FC Poli, TM Bilce, M Penhacek, L Wronski, JX Martins, TG Junqueira, LCC, Cesca VY, Guimarães RD. Pinheiro 2015. Contributions to the knowledge of amphibians and reptiles from Volta Grande do Xingu, northern Brazil Braz. J. Biol., 75 (3) (suppl.): S205-S218 - get paper here
  • Wallach, Van; Kenneth L. Williams , Jeff Boundy 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. [type catalogue] Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp.
 
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