Bothrocophias campbelli (FREIRE-LASCANO, 1991)

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Higher Taxa	Viperidae, Crotalinae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies
Common Names	S: Víbora boca de sapo
Synonym	Bothrops campbelli FREIRE-LASCANO 1991 Trigonocephalus pulcher PETERS 1863 Lachesis pulcher — BOULENGER 1896 Bothrops pulchra — AMARAL 1930 Porthidium almawebi SCHÄTTI & KRAMER 1993 Bothrops campbelli — MCDIARMID, CAMPBELL & TOURÉ 1999: 259 Bothrocophias campbelli — GUTBERLET & CAMPBELL 2001 Bothrocophias campbelli — CARRERA et al. 2009 Bothrocophias campbelli — CARRASCO et al. 2012 Bothrocophias campbelli — WALLACH et al. 2014: 113
Distribution	NW Ecuador, Colombia, elevation 1000-1500 m Type locality: Provincia de Chimborazo, Ecuador
Reproduction	ovovivparous
Types	Holotype: INHMT 1956
Diagnosis
Comment	Venomous! SCHATTI & KRAMER (1993) discovered that the holotype of Bothrops pulcher (PETERS 1852) actuall represents what had been referred to in much of the literature as Bothriopsis albocarinata (SHREVE 1934) and therefore the name pulcher has priority. The ICZN resolved the issue as follows (Opinion 1939): the correct name for the highland, arboreal pitviper recently known as Bothriopsis albocarinata is Bothriopsis pulchra (PETERS), and the snake referred to as Bothrops pulcher by CAMPBELL & LAMAR (1989) and many previous workers is now appropriately knwn as Bothrops campbelli FREIRE-LASCANO. See also discussion in MCDIARMID, CAMPBELL & TOURÉ 1999.
Etymology	Named after Jonathan A. Campbell (13 May 1947-), American herpetologist.
References	Arteaga AF, Bustamante-Enríquez LM and Guayasamin JM 2013. The Amphibians and Reptiles of Mindo. http://www.tropicalherping.com - get paper here Beolens, Bo; Michael Watkins, and Michael Grayson 2011. The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, USA - get paper here Campbell, J.A. & Lamar, W.W. 1989. The Venomous Reptiles of Latin America. Comstock Publishing/Cornell University Press, Ithaca Carrasco, P.A., C.I. Mattoni, G.C. Leynaud, and G.J. Scrocchi. 2012. Morphology, phylogeny and taxonomy of South American bothropoid pitvipers (Serpentes, Viperidae). Zoologica Scripta 41: 109-124 - get paper here Carrera, C. et al. 2009. Guía de Campo de los Pequeños Vertebrados del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito (DMQ). Publicación Miscelánea N° 5. Serie de Publicaciones del Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Naturales (MECN) – Fondo Ambiental del MDMQ. 1-89 pp. Imprenta Nuevo Arte. Quito-Ecuador. Castro, F.; Ayerbe, S.; Calderón, J.J. & Cepeda, B. 2005. Nuevo registro para Colombia de Bothrocophias campbelli y notas sobre B. colombianus y B. myersi (Serpentes:Viperidae). Novedades Colombianas 8(1): 57-64 - get paper here Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F., Maria Olga Borja, Proaño and Jean Marc Touzet. 2006. Distribution and natural history of the Ecuadorian Toad-headed Pitvipers of the genus Bothrocophias. Herpetozoa 19 (1/2):17-26. - get paper here Freire-Lascano, A. 1991. Dos Nuevas Especies de Bothrops en el Ecuador. Publ. Trab. Cient. Ecuador, Univ. Técn. Machala 2: 11 pp. Gutberlet, R.L. & Campbell, J.A. 2001. Generic recognition for a neglected lineage of South American pitvipers (Squamata: Viperidae: Crotalinae), with the description of a new species from the Colombian Chocó. American Museum Novitates (3316): 1-15 - get paper here International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999. Opinion 1939. Trigonocephalus pulcher Peters, 1862 (currently Bothrops pulcher, Bothriechis pulcher or Bothriopsis pulchra; Reptilia, Serpentes): defined by the holotype, and not a neotype; Bothrops campbelli Freire Lascano, 1991: specific name place Bull. Zool. Nomenclature 56 (3): 218-220. - get paper here McDiarmid, R.W.; Campbell, J.A. & Touré,T.A. 1999. Snake species of the world. Vol. 1. [type catalogue] Herpetologists’ League, 511 pp. Rojas-Rivera, Alejandra, Karen Castillo and Paul David Alfonso Gutierrez-Cardenas. 2013. Bothrocophias campbelli (Campbell's toad-headed pitviper, vibora boca de sapo de Campbell) diet/ophiophagy. Herpetological Review 44 (3): 518 - get paper here Schätti B; Kramer E 1993. Ecuadorianische Grubenottern der Gattungen Bothriechis, Bothrops und Porthidium (Serpentes: Viperidae). Revue Suisse de Zoologie 100 (2): 235-278 - get paper here TIPANTIZA-TUGUMINAGO, LUIS; DIEGO VILLARREAL-MEJÍA & PABLO MEDRANO-VIZCAÍNO. 2021. BOTHROCOPHIAS CAMPBELLI (Campbell’s Toad-headed Pitviper). MALE COMBAT. Herpetological Review 52 (3): 657–658. - get paper here Torres-Carvajal O, Pazmiño-Otamendi G, Salazar-Valenzuela D. 2019. Reptiles of Ecuador: a resource-rich portal, with a dynamic checklist and photographic guides. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 13 (1): [General Section]: 209–229 (e178) - get paper here VALENCIA, J. H. & GARZÓN, K. & BETANCOURT-YÉPEZ, R. 2008. Notes on the reproduction of the Ecuadorian toad-headed pitviper Bothrocophias campbelli (FREIRE-LASCANO, 1991) [Short Note]. Herpetozoa 21 - get paper here Valencia, J. H., K. Garzón-Tello & M. E. Barragán-Paladines 2016. Serpientes venenosas del Ecuador: sistemática, taxonomía, historia natural, conservación, envenenamiento y aspectos antropológicos. Quito, Ecuador, Fundación Herpetológica Gustavo Orcés, Universidad de Texas, Fondo Ambiental Nacional, 652 pp. [review in HR 49 (1): 152, 2018] Wallach, Van; Kenneth L. Williams , Jeff Boundy 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. [type catalogue] Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp.
External links	IUCN Red List National Center for Biotechnology Information http://www.puce.edu.ec/Zoologia/Reptiles.html http://www.anoleannals.org/2016/07/13/jmih-2016-genetic-evidence-of… https://bioweb.bio/faunaweb/reptiliaweb/FichaEspecie/Bothrocophias… http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=185711754778505&set=a… Google images

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