Calamaria lumbricoidea BOIE, 1827
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Calamaria lumbricoidea
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| Higher Taxa | Colubridae, Calamariinae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes) |
| Subspecies | |
| Common Names | E: Variable Reed Snake G: Variable Riednatter |
| Synonym | Calamaria lumbricoidea H. BOIE in F. BOIE 1827: 540 Calamaria vermiformis DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL 1854: 85 Calamaria temmincki DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL 1854: 87 Calamaria lumbricoidea — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1854: 89 Calamaria melanorhynchos BLEEKER 1860 Calamaria alkeni BLEEKER 1860 Calamaria lumbricoidea — JAN 1865 Calamaria vermiformis — JAN 1865 Calamaria stahlknechtii STOLICZKA 1873 Calamaria stahlknechtii — BOULENGER 1885: 388 Calamaria vermiformis var. sumatranus LIDTH DE JEUDE 1890 Calamaria bungaroides WERNER 1901: 300 Calamaria vermiformis — LIDTH DE JEUDE 1922: 247 Calamaria bruegeli MERTENS 1924 (fide MANTHEY 1983) Calamaria göringi VOGT 1925: 64 Calamaria vermiformis — TWEEDIE 1950 Calamaria vermiformis — TWEEDIE 1954 Calamaria lumbricoidea — INGER & MARX 1965: 75 Calamaria vermiformis — HENDRICKSON 1966: 67 Calamaria lumbricoidea — GRANDISON 1972: 86 Calamaria lumbricoidea — MANTHEY & GROSSMANN 1997: 326 Calamaria lumbricoidea — COX et al. 1998: 36 Calamaria lumbricoidea — INGER & VORIS 2001 Calamaria lumbricoidea — COX et al. 2012: 76 Calamaria lumbricoidea — WALLACH et al. 2014: 139 |
| Distribution | Thailand, W Malaysia (Pulau Tioman), Sarawak, Sabah, Indonesia (Nias, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Great Natuna, Kalimantan, Mentawai Archipelago), Philippines (Basilan, Mindanao, Negros, Bohol, Leyte, Samar, Camiguin Sur), Singapore Type locality: Java |
| Reproduction | oviparous |
| Types | Lectotype: RMNH (existence and type status unclear fide Esther Dondorp, pers. comm. 28 Jan 2019) Holotype: ZMB, Java [Calamaria göringi] Syntype: RMNH RENA 3976, collected by: P.BLeeker, 1880 [melanorhynchos] |
| Diagnosis | Diagnosis. Maxillary teeth modified; third and fourth supralabials entering orbit; preocular present; mental touching anterior chin shields; paraparietal surrounded by 4 or 5 scales and shields; belly yellow with black crossbars wider than width of one ventral. Populations of lumbricoidea from Java and parts of Sumatra have immaculate light bellies. Javanese lumbricoidea are distinguished from all other species known from that island by the other characters mentioned in the diagnosis. Those characters also distinguish the light-bellied Sumatran lumbricoidea from all other Sumatran Calamaria except albiventer. The last has two lateral light stripes which differentiate it from lumbricoidea (Inger & Marx 1965: 78). Description. Rostral wider than high, or higher than wide, portion visible from above about half length of prefrontal suture; prefrontal equal to or slightly shorter than frontal, touching first 2 supralabials; frontal hexagonal, 1.5 to 2.5 times width of supraocular,about 3/4 to 5/6 length of parietal; parietal 1.5 times length of prefrontal; paraparietal surrounded by 4 or 5 shields and scales; nasal smaller than postocular; preocular present, higher than post-ocular; postocular usually not as high as eye; eye smaller than, equal to, or greater than eye-mouth distance; 5 supralabials, third and fourth entering orbit, fifth the largest, first 4 subequal or third the smallest; mental triangular, touching anterior chin shields; 5 infralabials, first 3 touching anterior chin shields; both pairs of chin shields usually meeting in midline; usually 3 gulars in midline between posterior chin shields and first ventral (see Geographic variation) (Inger & Marx 1965: 78, also for information below). Body thickness index 0.012-0.074; tail thick, tapering abruptly near tip to sharp point; dorsal scales reduce to 4 rows on tail opposite first to eleventh subcaudal anterior to terminal scute. Hemipenis variable (see Geographic variation). Cloaca of female bilobed, bulbous, or cardioid, not varying geographically (Inger and Marx, 1962). Teeth: Nine (1 specimen), 10 (19) or 11 (2) modified maxillary teeth. Ventrals: males,144-196 (mean 172.0; N=132); females,137-229 (mean 190.8; N=116). Subcaudals: males, 17-27 (mean 21.5; N=134); females, 13-21 (mean 16.3; N=118). Total length: males, 149-498 mm.; females, 120-642 mm. Ratio of tail to total length: males, 0.063-0.114 (mean 0.080; N=126); females, 0.039-0.083 (mean 0.056; N=113). Coloration: dark brown or black above, with or without narrow, light stripes; scales without network; first one or two scale rows yellow; ventral surface yellow, with or without black crossbands (see Ontogenetic variation and Geographic variation). Ontogenetic variation. The heads of juveniles (up to about 200 mm, total length) are yellow in preservative whereas those of adults are dark brown or black. Darkening of the head begins on the snout and gradually spreads to cover the entire head (Fig. 21). Juveniles of most populations have yellow bands across the dorsum. These bands are one-half to two scales wide (Fig. 22). Geographic variation: see Inger & Marx 1965: 82 |
| Comment | Synonymy mostly after David & Vogel 1996. Type species: Calamaria lumbricoidea H. BOIE in F. BOIE 1827 has been considered as the type species of the genus Calamaria BOIE 1827 (here Calamaria linnaei is considered the type species, following WALLACH et al. 2014). |
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