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Callisaurus draconoides BLAINVILLE, 1835

IUCN Red List - Callisaurus draconoides - Least Concern, LC
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Higher TaxaPhrynosomatidae, Phrynosomatinae, Callisaurini; Iguania, Sauria, Squamata (lizards)
SubspeciesCallisaurus draconoides bogerti MARTIN DEL CAMPO 1943
Callisaurus draconoides brevipes BOGERT & DORSON 1942
Callisaurus draconoides carmenensis DICKERSON 1919
Callisaurus draconoides crinitus COPE 1896
Callisaurus draconoides draconoides BLAINVILLE 1835
Callisaurus draconoides inusitatus DICKERSON 1919
Callisaurus draconoides myurus RICHARDSON 1915
Callisaurus draconoides rhodostictus COPE 1896
Callisaurus draconoides ventralis (HALLOWELL 1852) 
Common NamesE: Zebra-tailed Lizard
G: Zebraschwanzleguan
myurus: Northern Zebratail Lizard, Nevada Zebratail Lizard
rhodostictus: Western Zebratail Lizard, Mojave Zebratail Lizard
ventralis: Eastern Zebratail Lizard, Arizona Zebratail Lizard
S: Cachora Arenera 
SynonymCallisaurus draconoides BLAINVILLE 1835: 286
Callisaurus draconoides — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1837: 326
Homolosaurus ventralis HALLOWELL 1852: 179
Callisaurus draconoides — BOULENGER 1885: 206
Callisaurus rhodostictus COPE 1896
Callisaurus splendidus DICKERSON 1919: 467 (fide GRISMER 1999)
Callisaurus draconoides — SMITH & TAYLOR 1950: 86
Callisaurus draconoides — STEBBINS 1985: 117
Callisaurus draconoides — LINER 1994
Callisaurus draconoides — CROTHER et al. 2012
Callisaurus splendidus — LEMOS-ESPINAL 2015
Callisaurus draconoides — HEIMES 2022

Callisaurus draconoides bogerti MARTIN DEL CAMPO 1943
Callisaurus draconoides bogerti — FUGLER & DIXON 1961
Callisaurus draconoides bogerti — HARDY 1969: 116
Callisaurus draconoides bogerti — WEBB 1984

Callisaurus draconoides brevipes BOGERT & DORSON 1942
Callisaurus draconoides brevipes — ZWEIFEL & NORRIS 1955: 234
Callisaurus draconoides brevipes — HARDY 1969: 117

Callisaurus draconoides carmenensis DICKERSON 1919
Callisaurus carmenensis DICKERSON 1919: 465
Callisaurus plasticus DICKERSON 1919: 466
Callisaurus draconoides carmenensis — ZWEIFEL 1958

Callisaurus draconoides crinitus COPE 1896
Callisaurus crinitus COPE 1896: 1049
Callisaurus draconoides crinitus — TEVIS 1944
Callisaurus draconoides crinitus — SMITH & TAYLOR 1950: 87
Callisaurus draconoides crinitus — BOSTIC 1971
Callisaurus draconoides crinitus — GRISMER 2020

Callisaurus draconoides inusitatus DICKERSON 1919
Callisaurus inusitatus DICKERSON 1919: 465
Callisaurus draconoides inusitatus — TAYLOR 1938: 482
Callisaurus draconoides inusitatus — REYES et al. 2014

Callisaurus draconoides myurus RICHARDSON 1915
Callisaurus ventralis myurus — VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN 1921
Callisaurus draconoides myurus — SMITH 1946
Callisaurus draconoides myurus — COLLINS & TAGGART 2009
Callisaurus draconoides myurus — CROTHER et al. 2012

Callisaurus draconoides rhodostictus COPE 1896
Callisaurus draconoides rhodostictus — SMITH & COCHRAN 1956
Callisaurus draconoides rhodostictus — BOSTIC 1971
Callisaurus draconoides rhodostictus — COLLINS & TAGGART 2009
Callisaurus draconoides rhodostictus — CROTHER et al. 2012

Callisaurus draconoides ventralis (HALLOWELL 1852)
Homalosaurus ventralis HALLOWELL 1852
Callisaurus ventralis — STEJNEGER 1893: 170
Callisaurus ventralis — VAN DENBURGH 1895: 97
Callisaurus draconoides ventralis — COPE 1900
Callisaurus draconoides gabbii COPE 1900: 272
Callisaurus ventralis — VAN DENBURGH 1912
Callisaurus ventralis ventralis — VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN 1921
Callisaurus ventralis — ORTENBURGER & ORTENBURGER 1927
Callisaurus draconoides ventralis — BURT 1933
Callisaurus draconoides gabbii — KLAUBER 1934: 9
Callisaurus draconoides ventralis — GLOYD 1937
Callisaurus draconoides ventralis — SMITH 1946
Callisaurus draconoides gabbi — SMITH 1946
Callisaurus draconoides ventralis — ZWEIFEL & NORRIS 1955
Callisaurus draconoides gabbi — ETHERIDGE 1964
Callisaurus draconoides ventralis — COLLINS & TAGGART 2009
Callisaurus draconoides ventralis — CROTHER et al. 2012 
DistributionUSA (SW California, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico),
Mexico (Baja California, Sonora, Sinaloa)

bogerti: Mexico (Sinaloa, Mazatlán). Type locality: Isla de los Chivos, en el Puerto de Mazatlán, Sinaloa.

brevipes: Mexico (Sinaloa, Sonora); Type locality: Guirocoba, 18 miles southeast Alamos, Sonora.

carmenensis: Camen Island, Gulf of Mexico, Mexico.

inusitanus: Mexico (Sonora)

Type locality: California. Restricted to Cape San Lucas, Baja California by SMITH & TAYLOR 1950.

splendidus: endemic to Isla Ángel de La Guarda.

rhodostictus: California, Arizona, Baja California

ventralis: Arizona, California, Nevada (fide BURT 1933)  
Reproductionoviparous.<br>Hybridization: Dickerson 1919 speculated that both inusitatus and plasticus “very possibly, in fact probably, intergrade with Callisaurus ventralis ventralis” (= C. d. ventralis). 
TypesHolotype: MNHN-RA 0812 (by monotypy)
Holotype: CNAR (cited as Inst. Biol. Mexico; Victoriano Rodriguez collector. [bogerti]
Holotype: AMNH 63668; J. W. Hilton collector. [brevipes]
Holotype: USNM 14895 [crinitus]
Holotype: AMNH 538, USNM 642538 [carmenensis]
Syntypes: (2) ANSP 8548, 12788; northern Lower California [gabbii]
Syntypes: AMNH 5324, USNM 64256 [inusitatus]
Holotype: USNM 51786 [myurus]
Syntypes: USNM 21504 [rhodostictus]
Holotype: USNM 64254, given as AMNH 5372, paratype: AMNH 5338 [Callisaurus splendidus]
Holotype: USNM 2670; S. W. Woodhouse collector. [ventralis]
Holotype: USNM 64255 [Callisaurus plasticus] 
DiagnosisDiagnosis: Zebra-tailed Lizards (Callisaurus draconoides) have external ear openings and the 2 black bands are farther forward on the sides and belly. Elegant (Holbrookia elegans) and Common Lesser Earless Lizards (Holbrookia maculata) have smaller black bands that are farther forward, and lack black markings on the ventral tail surface (Howland in Jones & Lovich 2009: 146). 
CommentSynonymy: Grismer (1999) synonymized Callisaurus draconoides splendidus with C. draconoides after examining species from the adjacent peninsula. These specimen cannot be distinguished clearly from the island populations of “splendidus”. BURT 1933 listed Callisaurus draconoides myurus RICHARDSON 1915 as a synonym of Callisaurus draconoides ventralis.

Type species: Callisaurus draconoides is the type species of the genus Callisaurus BLAINVILLE 1835.

Diet: a large percentage of the diet of this species (10-30%) consists of ants (Lucas et al. 2023).

Reference images: see Uetz et al. 2024 for high-resolution reference images for this species. 
EtymologyNamed after Greek dracon (δράκων), dragon, serpent + Greek -oides (-οειδής), suffix indicating likeness. [?]. 
References
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