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Candoia aspera (GÜNTHER, 1877)

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Higher TaxaBoidae (Candoiinae, Candoiidae), Henophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
SubspeciesCandoia aspera aspera (GÜNTHER 1877)
Candoia aspera schmidti (STULL 1932) 
Common NamesE: New Guinea ground boa, New Guinea Viper Boa
G: Pazifikboa 
SynonymErebophis aspera GÜNTHER 1877
Erebophis asper — MÜLLER 1881
Enygrus asper — BOULENGER 1893: 109
Enygrus asper — DE ROOIJ 1917: 32
Enygrus asper schmidti STULL 1932
Candoia aspera aspera — FORCART 1951
Candoia aspera — STIMSON 1969
Candoia aspera — MCDOWELL 1979: 51
Candoia aspera — KAHL et al. 1980: 201
Candoia aspera aspera — O’SHEA 1996
Candoia aspera — MCDIARMID, CAMPBELL & TOURÉ 1999: 186
Candoia aspera — MCCOY 2000
Candoia aspera — GOWER et al. 2012: 63
Candoia aspera — WALLACH et al. 2014: 147
Candoia aspera aspera — REYNOLDS & HENDERSON 2018: 24

Candoia aspera schmidti (STULL 1932)
Candoia aspera schmidti — O’SHEA 1996
Candoia aspera — REYNOLDS & HENDERSON 2018: 25 
DistributionIndonesia, New Guinea (West Papua, Batanta, Misool, Waigeu; Biak and Japen islands; Seleo Island; Valise Island; Karkar Island; Umboi Island; islands in the Manus Group (Admiralty Islands); New Britain, Duke of York, New Ireland, and New Hanover in the Bismarck Archipelago)

aspera: New Britain, Duke of York; Type locality: Duke of York Island, Bismarck Archipelago.

schmidti: New Guinea, Madong. Type locality: near the Sepik River (= Kaiseriu Augusta River).  
Reproductionovovivparous 
TypesHolotype: BMNH 1946.1.10.33, unknown sex
Holotype: MCZ 29778, adult female [schmidti] 
Diagnosis 
CommentSynonymy after STIMSON 1969.

Distribution: not listed for the Solomon Islands (Bougainville Island) by McCoy 2015. 
EtymologyNamed after Latin “aspera” = rough. 
References
  • Austin,C.C. 2000. Molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography of Pacific Island boas (Candoia). Copeia 2000 (2): 341-352 - get paper here
  • Boulenger, G.A. 1893. Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) I. London (Taylor & Francis), 448 pp. - get paper here
  • Bustard, H.R. 1969. Defensive Behavior and Locomotion of the Pacific Boa, Candoia aspera, with a Brief Review of Head Concealment in Snakes Herpetologica 25 (3): 164-170. - get paper here
  • Clegg, Jonathan R. and Merlijn Jocque 2015. The Collection of Snakes Made by Benoît Mys and Jan Swerts in Northern Papua New Guinea in 1982–85. Journal of Herpetology 50 (3): 476-485 [2016] - get paper here
  • Colvée, S. & Martín, A. 2005. Keeping Pacific Island Boas of the Genus Candoia. Reptilia (GB) (39): 73-77 - get paper here
  • Colvée, S. & Weffer, E. 2004. Candoia aspera - The Short-Tailed Ground Boa. Reptilia (GB) (33): 43-49 - get paper here
  • de Rooij, N. DE 1917. The Reptiles of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. Il. Ophidia. Leiden (E. J. Brill), xiv + 334 S. - get paper here
  • Forcart, L. 1951. Nomenclature Remarks on Some Generic Names of the Snake Family Boidae. Herpetologica 7: 197-199 - get paper here
  • Gower, D.; Garrett, K. & Stafford, P. 2012. Snakes. Firefly Books, Buffalo, NY,<br />144 p..
  • Günther, A. 1877. On a collection of reptiles and fishes from Duke of York Island, New Ireland, and New Britain. Proc. zool. Soc. London 1877: 127-132 - get paper here
  • Hediger, H. 1934. Beitrag zur Herpetologie und Zoogeographie Neu-Britanniens und einiger umliegender Gebiete. Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.) 65: 441-582
  • Kahl B, Gaupp P & Schmidt G 1980. Das Terrarium. Falken Verlag, Niederhausen (Germany), 336 pp.
  • Kik, M. & P. Zwart 1988. Ovariectomy in a Candoia bibronii australis. Litteratura Serpentium 8 (6): 262-270 - get paper here
  • Kinghorn, J. R. 1928. Notes on Some Reptiles and Batrachians from the Northern Division of Papua, With Descriptions of New Species of Apisthocalamus and Lygosoma. Rec. Austral. Mus. 16: 289-293. - get paper here
  • Kinghorn, J.R. 1928. Herpetology of the Solomon Islands. Rec. Austral. Mus. 16: 123-178 - get paper here
  • Kluge, A.G. 1991. Boine snake phylogeny and research cycles. Publ. Mus Zool Univ Michigan 178: 1-58 - get paper here
  • McCoy, M. 2000. Reptiles of the Solomon Islands. ZooGraphics, Kuranda (Australia), CD-ROM.
  • McCoy, M. 2006. Reptiles of the Solomon Islands. Pensoft Series Faunistica 57, 212 pp.
  • McCoy, M. 2015. A Field Guide to the Reptiles of the Solomon Islands. Michael McCoy, Kuranda - get paper here
  • McDiarmid, R.W.; Campbell, J.A. & Touré,T.A. 1999. Snake species of the world. Vol. 1. [type catalogue] Herpetologists’ League, 511 pp.
  • McDowell S B 1979. A catalogue of the snakes of New Guinea and the Solomons, with special reference to those in the Bernice P. Bishop Museum. Part 3. Boinae and Acrochordoidea (Reptilia, Serpentes). Journal of Herpetology 13 (1): 1-92 - get paper here
  • Müller, Friedrich 1881. Zweiter Nachtrag zum Katalog der herpetologischen Sammlung des Basler Museums [1881 printed on paper]. Verh. naturf. Ges. Basel 7 (2): 166-174. - get paper here
  • O'Shea, Mark and Simon Maddock 2023. Serpents of Paradise: Biogeography of the Snake Fauna on New Guinean Islands. In: Lillywhite & Martins, eds., Islands and snakes, vol. II. Oxford University Press, p. 22 ff - get paper here
  • O'Shea,M. 1996. A Guide to the Snakes of Papua New Guinea. Independent Publishing, Port Moresby, xii + 239 pp. - get paper here
  • O’Shea, M. 2018. The Book of Snakes. Ivy Press / Quarto Publishing, London, - get paper here
  • Parker, J. 2012. Candoia. HerpNation (9): 52-60 - get paper here
  • Reynolds, R. Graham and Robert W. Henderson 2018. Boas of the World (Superfamily Booidae): A Checklist With Systematic, Taxonomic, and Conservation Assessments. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology Sep 2018, Vol. 162, No. 1: 1-58. - get paper here
  • Riel, C.A.P. van 1988. Breeding Candoia aspera (Günther, 1877). Litteratura Serpentium 8 (6): 273-277 - get paper here
  • Stimson, Andrew F. 1969. Liste der rezenten Amphibien und Reptilien: Boidae (Boinae + Bolyeriinae + Loxoceminae + Pythoninae). Das Tierreich 89 xi + 1-49
  • Stull, O.G. 1932. Five new subspecies of the family Boidae. Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. nat. Hist. 8: 25-29
  • Underwood, G. 2002. On the rictal structures of some snakes. Herpetologica 58 (1): 1-17 - get paper here
  • Wallach, Van; Kenneth L. Williams , Jeff Boundy 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. [type catalogue] Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp.
  • Werner, F. 1899. Beiträge zur Herpetologie der pacifischen Inselwelt und von Kleinasien. I. Bemerkungen über einige Reptilien aus Neu-Guinea und Polynesien. II. Über einige Reptilien und Batrachier aus Kleinasien. Zool. Anz. 22: 371-375, 375-378 - get paper here
  • Werner, F. 1899. Ueber Reptilien und Batrachier aus Togoland, Kamerun und Deutsch-Neu-Guinea grösstentheils aus dem k. Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 49: 132-157 - get paper here
 
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