Celestus crusculus (GARMAN, 1887)

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Higher Taxa	Diploglossidae, Diploglossa, Anguimorpha, Sauria, Squamata (lizards)
Subspecies	Celestus crusculus crusculus (GARMAN 1887) Celestus crusculus cundalli GRANT 1940
Common Names	E: Jamaican Galliwasp, Garman's Galliwasp
Synonym	Diploglossus crusculus GARMAN 1887:22. Diploglossus bakeri BOULENGER 1900 (fide BARBOUR 1910) Celestus crusculus crusculus — GRANT 1940: 102 Diploglossus crusculus crusculus — GREER 1967 Celestus crusculus — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1991: 369 Celestus crusculus — WILSON 2011 Celestus crusculus crusculus — HEDGES et al. 2019 Celestus crusculus — SCHOOLS & HEDGES 2021 Celestus crusculus cundalli GRANT 1940 Celestus crusculus cundalli GRANT 1940: 157 Celestus crusculus cundalli — GRANT 1940: 103 Celestus crusculus cundalli — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1988 Celestus crusculus cundalli — HEDGES et al. 2019 Celestus crusculus cundalli — SCHOOLS & HEDGES 2021
Distribution	Jamaica crusculus: coastal areas of Jamaica; delineation of the range is tentative. Type locality: Kingston, Kingston Parish, Jamaica. cundalli: interior of Jamaica, at elevations of 2000 to 4000 ft.; Type locality: Mandeville, Manchester Parish, Jamaica. Delineation of the range is tentative.
Reproduction	ovovivparous
Types	Holotype: MCZ 6051 (crusculus) Holotype: CAS-SUR 9298, MCZ 45163 [cundalli] Holotype: MCZ 45184 [molesworthi]
Diagnosis
Comment	For illustrations see Schwartz and Henderson, 1985. Synonymy: BOULENGER (1888: 9) in the Zoological Record of 1888 noted that maculatus is synonymous with striatus. The classification of C. crusculus by Schools & Hedges 2021 is inconsistent. They treated Celestus crusculus molesworthi as full species status without having DNA sequences and without further comment but left cundalli and crusculus stand as paraphyletic clades, without explicitly changing their status (although they do mention that cundalli may warrant specific status).
References	Barbour, T. 1910. Notes on the herpetology of Jamaica. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard 52: 273—301 - get paper here Boulenger, George A. 1900. Description of a new lizard from Jamaica. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 6 (32): 193-194 - get paper here Cousens, Penny Norseen 1956. Notes on the Jamaican and Cayman Island lizards of the genus Celestus. Breviora (56): 1-6 - get paper here Garman, S. 1887. On West Indian Geckonidae and Anguide. Bull. Essex Inst. 19: 17-24. - get paper here Garman, S. 1888. Reptiles and batrachians from the Caymans and from the Bahamas. Collected by Prof. C. J. Maynard for the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Mass. Bull. Essex Inst. 20: 101-113 - get paper here Grant C. 1940. Notes on the reptiles and amphibians of Jamaica, with diagnoses of new species and subspecies. In: Jamaica Today. Hazell, Watson, and Viney, London and Aylesbury, p.151-157. Grant, C. 1940. The herpetology of Jamaica Il. The reptiles. Bull. Inst. Jamaica., Sci. Ser. 1: 61-148. Greer, A.E. 1967. Notes on the mode of reproduction in anguid lizards. Herpetologica 23 (2): 94-99 - get paper here Hedges SB, Powell R, Henderson RW, Hanson S, and Murphy JC 2019. Definition of the Caribbean Islands biogeographic region, with checklist and recommendations for standardized common names of amphibians and reptiles. Caribbean Herpetology 67: 1–53 SCHOOLS, MOLLY & S. BLAIR HEDGES 2021. Phylogenetics, classification, and biogeography of the Neotropical forest lizards (Squamata, Diploglossidae). Zootaxa 4974 (2): 201–257 - get paper here Schwartz, A. & Henderson, R.W. 1991. Amphibians and Reptiles of the West Indies. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, 720 pp. Schwartz, A. and Henderson, R.W. 1985. A guide to the identification of the amphibians and reptiles of the West Indies exclusive of Hispaniola. Milwaukee Public Mus., 165 pp. Thomas, R. and S. B. Hedges. 1989. A new Celestus (Sauria: Anguidae) from the Chaine de Ia Selle of Haiti. Copeia 1989 (4): 886-891 - get paper here Wilson, B.S. & Vogel, P. 2000. A survey of the herpetofauna of the Hellshire Hills, Jamaica, including the rediscovery of the Blue-tailed Galliwasp (Celestus duquesneyi Grant). Carib. J. Sci. 36: 244-249 Wilson, Byron S. 2011. Conservation of Jamaican amphibians and reptiles. In: Hailey et al., eds, Conservation of Caribbean Island Herpetofaunas Volume 2: 273-310 - get paper here
External links	IUCN Red List National Center for Biotechnology Information http://www.andamannicobarsnakes.com/checklist.html Google images

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