Craspedocephalus puniceus (BOIE, 1827)
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Craspedocephalus puniceus
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| Higher Taxa | Viperidae, Crotalinae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes) |
| Subspecies | |
| Common Names | E: Ashy Pit Viper, Flat-nosed pitviper |
| Synonym | Cophias punicea BOIE 1827: 561 Craspedocephalus puniceus — KUHL 1824 Vipera punicea SCHLEGEL 1826: 239 (nomen nudum) Atropos puniceus — WAGLER 1830 Trigonocephalus puniceus — SCHLEGEL 1837 Atropos acontia (nec Vipera acontia LAURENTI 1768) — GRAY 1842 ? Atropos puniceus — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1854: 1519 Atropophis puniceus — PETERS 1872 Bothrops puniceus — LIDTH DE JEUDE 1890 Trimeresurus puniceus — BOETTGER 1892 Lachesis puniceus — BOULENGER 1896 Lachesis puniceus — DE ROOIJ 1917: 286 Trimeresurus puniceus — GRANDISON 1972: 97 Trimeresurus puniceus — HARDING & WELCH 1980 Trimeresurus puniceus — WELCH 1994: 115 Trimeresurus puniceus — COX et al. 1998: 24 Trimeresurus puniceus — MCDIARMID, CAMPBELL & TOURÉ 1999: 341 Trimeresurus puniceus — TU et al. 2000 Trimeresurus puniceus — MALHOTRA & THORPE 2004 Trimeresurus (Craspedocephalus) puniceus — DAVID et al. 2011 Craspedocephalus puniceus — WALLACH et al. 2014: 188 Craspedocephalus puniceus — GUO et al. 2018 Craspedocephalus puniceus — MALLIK et al. 2021 Craspedocephalus puniceus — MIRZA et al. 2023 |
| Distribution | Indonesia (Java, Sumatra, Simalur, Mentawai, Natuna Archipelago) Type locality: “Java” |
| Reproduction | ovovivparous |
| Types | Syntypes: RMNH 1557 and RMNH 1558a–b, all females; Based on a specimen in the "Musee des Pays-Bas" and possibly a description in the unpublished manuscript titled Erpetologie de Java. |
| Diagnosis | Diagnosis: A species of the genus Trimeresurus from Java Island and South Sumatra, characterized by the combination of the following characters: (1) an overall grey or brown pattern with 20–30 darker crossbands, distinctly related to the sex: in males, background colour in various shades of grey or yellowish-brown, with darker, irregular, constricted, dorsolateral blotches, often heavily powdered with cream and dark dots, giving an “ashy”1293 or lichen-like appearance; in females, pattern much less contrasted in shades of grey or yellowhish-brown with more or less brown subrectangular dorsolateral blotches; males are more brightly colored, with a more complex and contrasted pattern than females, but not overally darker or lighter than females; (2) a distinctly projected and raised snout, strongly obliquely truncated when seen from the side, rounded or subrectangular seen from above; (3) internasals normal or weakly bilobate, either sligthly raised or upturned, or flat; (4) 21 or 23 (rarely 19) DSR at midbody; (5) 1st supralabial distinct from nasal; (6) 2nd supralabials never bordering the loreal pit, topped by a prefoveal scale; (7) 2–5 small, distinctly raised supraoculars; (8) VEN: 153–167, SC: 41–59; (9) occipital and temporal scales distinctly keeled in both sexes; (10) IL of the first pair not in contact each with the other; (11) hemipenes short, reaching 11–13th SC, nearly entirely spinose [from DAVID et al. 2006]. |
| Comment | Venomous! The relationships of this species with T. borneensis and T. brongersmai are still under discussion (see these species). Old Bornean reports of Trimeresurus puniceus often refer to T. borneensis (both species are very similar). Distribution: Not in Thailand fide GUMPRECHT & BULIAN 2003. Habitat: fully arboreal (Harrington et al. 2018). Type species: Cophias punicea BOIE 1827: 561 is the type species of the genus Craspedocephalus KUHL & HASSELT 1822. |
| Etymology | Named after Latin pūnicus + -eus, meaning "pure lively red, scarlet, crimson". An apparent reference to the redish appearance of the species. |
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