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Kinosternon subrubrum BONNATERRE, 1789

IUCN Red List - Kinosternon subrubrum - Least Concern, LC
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Higher TaxaKinosternidae (Kinosterninae), Kinosternoidea, Testudines (turtles)
SubspeciesKinosternon subrubrum subrubrum (BONNATERRE 1789)
Kinosternon subrubrum hippocrepis GRAY 1856 
Common NamesE: Eastern Mud Turtle, Common Mud Turtle
subrubrum: Eastern Mud Turtle
hippocrepis: Mississippi Mud Turtle
steindachneri: Florida Mud Turtle 
SynonymKinosternon subrubrum (LACÉPÈDE 1788: 132, 618)
Testudo subrubra LACÉPÈDE 1788
Testudo subrubra — BONNATERRE 1789: 27
Kinosternon pensylvanicum — GRAY 1856: 265
Cinosternum pensylvanicum — BOCOURT 1876: 392
Cinosternum pensylvanicum BOULENGER 1889
Kinosternon pensylvanicum — RHOADS 1885: 384
Kinosternon subrubrum — TTWG 2014
Kinosternon subrubrum — TTWG 2021

Kinosternon subrubrum subrubrum (BONNATERRE 1789)
Testudo pensilvanica GMELIN 1789
Cistuda pensylvanica — SAY 1824: 206
Cinosternon Pensylvanicum — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1835: 367
Kinosternon oblongum GRAY 1844
Kinosternon doubledayii GRAY 1844
Kinosternon punctatum GRAY 1856: 265
Swanka fasciata GRAY 1870
Cinosternum pennsylvanicum — BRIMLEY 1910: 18
Kinosternon subrubrum subrubrum — STEJNEGER & BARBOUR 1917
Kinosternon subrubrum subrubrum — CONANT & COLLINS 1991: 46
Kinosternon subrubrum subrubrum — CROTHER 2000
Kinosternon subrubrum subrubrum — RHODIN et al. 2010
Kinosternon subrubrum subrubrum — TTWG 2014
Kinosternon subrubrum subrubrum — TTWG 2021

Kinosternon subrubrum hippocrepis GRAY 1856
Kinosternon hippocrepis GRAY 1856: 265
Kinosternon louisianae BAUR 1893
Cinosternum louisianae — BRIMLEY 1910: 17
Kinosternon subrubrum hippocrepis — STEJNEGER & BARBOUR 1917
Kinosternon subrubrum hippocrepis — MCCOY 1975
Kinosternon subrubrum hippocrepis — CONANT & BERRY 1978
Kinosternon subrubrum hippocrepis — CONANT & COLLINS 1991: 48
Kinosternon subrubrum hippocrepis — CROTHER 2000
Kinosternon subrubrum hippocrepis — RHODIN et al. 2010
Kinosternon subrubrum hippocrepis — TTWG 2014
Kinosternon subrubrum hippocrepis — TTWG 2021 
DistributionUSA (Connecticut, Long Island, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Louisiana, E Texas, SE Oklahoma, Arkansas, SE Missouri, S Illinois, Tennessee, W Kentucky, Indiana).

subrubrum: (New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, S Illinois, Tennessee, W Kentucky, Indiana); Type locality: Not stated: designated as "vicinity of Philadelphia" [Philadelphia Co., Pennsylvania,
USA] by Schmidt (1953:90).

hippocrepis: USA (Louisiana, C Texas, E Oklahoma, Colorado, Arkansas, SE Missouri, Mississippi, SE Illinois, W Tennessee, Texas, Florida panhandle, and areas in between); Type locality: "North America: New Orleans" [Orleans Parish,
Louisiana, USA]  
Reproductionoviparous. Exhibits temperature‐dependent sex determination (TSD) fide Cornejo-Páramo et al. 2020 (and references therein). 
TypesHolotype: not given (Iverson 1977)
Syntypes: BMNH 1946.1.22.16-17 [hippocrepis]
Holotype: USNM 15527 [Kinosternon louisianae] 
Diagnosis 
CommentSynonymy: after Schmidt 1953: 90.

Distribution: possibly introduced to C Italy

Please note that SAVAGE (2003) suggested to reject Lacepède’s (1788) “Histoire Naturelle des Quadrupèdes Ovipares” as a non-binominal work (Case 3226; Bull. Zool. Nom. 60 (2)). This application has been successful. The ICZN (2005) has ruled that Lacepède’s (1788) work (and all subsequent editions of this work) are rejected as an unavailable, non-binominal work.

Habitat: freshwater (swamps, quiet rivers) 
EtymologyNamed after sub- (Latin) = under, almost and rubrum (Latin) = red, a reference to the brown shell. 
References
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  • Belford, Thomas J. 2010. Geographic distribution: Kinosternon subrubrum hippocrepis. Herpetological Review 41 (3): 377 - get paper here
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  • CONNOCK, JOHN R. & HOWARD H. WHITEMAN. 2021. Geographic distribution: KINOSTERNON SUBRUBRUM (Eastern Mud Turtle). USA: KENTUCKY: Carlisle Co. Herpetological Review 52 (1): 80. - get paper here
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  • Cordero, Gerardo Antonio. 2011. Kinosternon subrubrum (eastern mud turtle) musking. Herpetological Review 42 (3): 422 - get paper here
  • Cordero, Gerardo Antonio; Rebecca Reeves, and Christopher W. Swarth 2012. Long Distance Aquatic Movement and Home-Range Size of an Eastern Mud Turtle, Kinosternon subrubrum, Population in the Mid-Atlantic Region of the United States. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 11 (1): 121-124. - get paper here
  • Cornejo-Páramo, P., Lira-Noriega, A., Ramírez-Suástegui, C. et al. 2020. Sex determination systems in reptiles are related to ambient temperature but not to the level of climatic fluctuation. BMC Evol Biol 20: 103 - get paper here
  • Craig, R. J. 1980. The northeastern range limit of the eastern mud turtle Kinosternon s. subrubrum (Lacepede). Journal of Herpetology 14 (3): 295-297 - get paper here
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  • Dundee, Harold A. 1950. Kinosternon subrubrum hippocrepis (Gray) in Oklahoma. Herpetologica 6: 138-139 - get paper here
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  • FERRI, VINCENZO; CORRADO BATTISTI, CHRISTIANA SOCCINI & RICCARDO SANTORO. 2021. First records for Europe of the non-native turtles Kinosternon subrubrum Bonnaterre, 1789 and Pelomedusa olivacea (Schweigger, 1812) in a suburban wetland in central Italy. Herpetology Notes 14: 303-307 - get paper here
  • Ferri, Vincenzo; Corrado Battisti, Christiana Soccini, Riccardo Santoro 2021. First records for Europe of the non-native turtles Kinosternon subrubrum Bonnaterre, 1789 and Pelomedusa olivacea (Schweigger, 1812) in a suburban wetland in central Italy. Herpetology Notes 14: 303-307 - get paper here
  • Gibbons, J. Whitfield 2013. A Long-Term Perspective of Delayed Emergence (aka Overwintering) in Hatchling Turtles: Some They Do and Some They Don't, and Some You Just Can't Tell. Journal of Herpetology Jun 2013, Vol. 47, No. 2: 203-214. - get paper here
  • Gibbons, J.W. 1983. Reproductive Characteristics and Ecology of the Mud Turtle, Kinosternon subrubrum (Lacepede) Herpetologica 39 (3): 254-271. - get paper here
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  • Murphy, Chris M.; Tracey D. Tuberville, John C. Maerz, and Kimberly M. Andrews 2015. Evaporative Water Loss Rates of Four Species of Aquatic Turtles from the Coastal Plain of the Southeastern United States. Journal of Herpetology 50 (3): 457-463. - get paper here
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  • Steen, D.A., S.C. Sterrett, S.A. Miller & L.L. Smith 2007. Terrestrial Movements and Microhabitat Selection of Overwintering Subadult Eastern Mud Turtles (Kinosternon subrubrum) in Southwest Georgia Journal of Herpetology 41 (3): 532-535. - get paper here
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  • TRAUTH, STANLEY E. & MICHAEL PLUMMER. 2021. Distal Excurrent Ducts and Penile Morphology of the Urogenital System in the Mississippi Mud Turtle, Kinosternon subrubrum hippocrepis (Chelonia:Kinosternidae). Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science 75: 36–44. - get paper here
  • TTWG [Peter Paul van Dijk, John B. Iverson, Anders G.J. Rhodin, H. Bradley Shaffer, and Roger Bour] 2014. Turtles of the World, 7th Edition: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution with Maps, and Conservation Status. 000.v7. Chelonian Research Monographs (ISSN 1088-7105) No. 5, doi:10.3854/crm.5.000.checklist.v7.2014 - get paper here
  • TTWG; Anders G.J. Rhodin, John B. iverson, Roger Bour, Uwe Fritz, Arthur GeoRges, H. BRadley Shaffer, and Peter Paul van Dijk 2017. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (8th Ed.). In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., van Dijk, P.P., Saumure, R.A., Buhlmann, K.A., Pritchard, P.C.H., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Ed Chelonian Research Monographs 7:1–292. doi: 10.3854/crm.7.checklist.atlas.v8.2017 - get paper here
  • TTWG; Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., Bour, R., Fritz, U., Georges, A., Shaffer, H.B., and van Dijk, P.P. 2021. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (9th Ed.). In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., van Dijk, P.P., Stanford, C.B., Goode, E.V., Buhlmann, K.A., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.). Chelonian Research Monographs 8:1–472. doi:10.3854/crm.8.checklist.atlas.v9.2021. - get paper here
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  • Welch, Richard F. 1994. Stalking the elusive eastern mud turtle. Reptile & Amphibian Magazine 1994 (Nov./Dec.): 88-95
 
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