Leiocephalus carinatus GRAY, 1827

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Higher Taxa	Leiocephalidae, Iguania, Sauria, Squamata (lizards)
Subspecies	Leiocephalus carinatus carinatus GRAY 1827 Leiocephalus carinatus aquarius SCHWARTZ & OGREN 1956 Leiocephalus carinatus armouri BARBOUR & SHREVE 1935 Leiocephalus carinatus cayensis SCHWARTZ 1959 Leiocephalus carinatus coryi SCHMIDT 1936 Leiocephalus carinatus granti RABB 1957 Leiocephalus carinatus hodsdoni SCHMIDT 1936 Leiocephalus carinatus labrossytus SCHWARTZ 1959 Leiocephalus carinatus microcyon SCHWARTZ 1959 Leiocephalus carinatus mogotensis SCHWARTZ 1959 Leiocephalus carinatus virescens STEJNEGER 1901 Leiocephalus carinatus zayasi SCHWARTZ 1959
Common Names	E: Saw-scaled Curlytail, Northern Curly-tailed Lizard G: Rollschwanzleguan armouri: Little Bahama Curly-tailed Lizard
Synonym	Leiocephalus carinatus GRAY 1827: 208 Holotropis microlophus DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1837: 264 (part) Leiocephalus macleayii GRAY 1845: 218 Liocephalus carinatus — BOULENGER 1885: 165 Leiocephalus carinatus — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1991: 423 Leiocephalus carinatus — RODRÍGUEZ SCHETTINO 1999: 115 Leiocephalus carinatus carinatus GRAY 1827 Leiocephalus carinatus GRAY 1827: 208 Leiocephalus carinatus carinatus — BARBOUR & SHREVE 1935: 360 Leiocephalus carinatus carinatus — PREGILL 1992: 40 Leiocephalus carinatus aquarius SCHWARTZ & OGREN 1956 Leiocephalus carinatus aquarius — HEDGES et al. 2019 Leiocephalus carinatus armouri BARBOUR & SHREVE 1935 Leiocephalus carinatus armouri BARBOUR & SHREVE 1935: 360 Leiocephalus carinatus armouri — DENZER 1985 Leiocephalus carinatus armouri — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1988 Leiocephalus carinatus armouri — CONANT & COLLINS 1991: 115 Leiocephalus carinatus armouri — PREGILL 1992: 40 Leiocephalus carinatus armouri — HEDGES et al. 2019 Leiocephalus carinatus cayensis SCHWARTZ 1959 Leiocephalus carinatus cayensis — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1988 Leiocephalus carinatus cayensis — PREGILL 1992: 40 Leiocephalus carinatus cayensis — HEDGES et al. 2019 Leiocephalus carinatus coryi SCHMIDT 1936 Leiocephalus carinatus coryi SCHMIDT 1936: 129 Leiocephalus carinatus coryi — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1988 Leiocephalus carinatus coryi — PREGILL 1992: 40 Leiocephalus carinatus coryi — HEDGES et al. 2019 Leiocephalus carinatus granti RABB 1957 Leiocephalus carinatus granti — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1988 Leiocephalus carinatus granti — PREGILL 1992: 40 Leiocephalus carinatus granti — HEDGES et al. 2019 Leiocephalus carinatus hodsdoni SCHMIDT 1936 Leiocephalus carinatus hodsdoni SCHMIDT 1936: 130 Leiocephalus carinatus hodsdoni — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1988 Leiocephalus carinatus hodsoni — PREGILL 1992: 40 (in error) Leiocephalus carinatus hodsoni — HEDGES et al. 2019 Leiocephalus carinatus labrossytus SCHWARTZ 1959 Leiocephalus carinatus labrossytus — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1988 Leiocephalus carinatus labrossytus — PREGILL 1992: 40 Leiocephalus carinatus labrossytus — HEDGES et al. 2019 Leiocephalus carinatus microcyon SCHWARTZ 1959 Leiocephalus carinatus microcyon — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1988 Leiocephalus carinatus microcyon — PREGILL 1992: 40 Leiocephalus carinatus microcyon — HEDGES et al. 2019 Leiocephalus carinatus mogotensis SCHWARTZ 1959 Leiocephalus carinatus mogotensis — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1988 Leiocephalus carinatus mogotensis — PREGILL 1992: 40 Leiocephalus carinatus mogotensis — HEDGES et al. 2019 Leiocephalus carinatus virescens STEJNEGER 1901 Leiocephalus carinatus virescens — SMITH 1946 Leiocephalus carinatus virescens — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1988 Leiocephalus carinatus virescens — PREGILL 1992: 40 Leiocephalus carinatus virescens — HEDGES et al. 2019 Leiocephalus carinatus zayasi SCHWARTZ 1959 Leiocephalus carinatus zayasi — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1988 Leiocephalus carinatus zayasi — PREGILL 1992: 40 Leiocephalus carinatus zayasi — HEDGES et al. 2019
Distribution	USA (introduced to SE Florida), Bahamas, Cuba (+ Pinos), Cat Island I, Little San Salvador I, Isla de la Juventud, Honduras (WILSON & MCCRANIE 2002). Cayman I, Swan I, Turks and Caicos Islands carinatus: Cuba, northwest coast in Pinar del Rio, La Habana, and Matanzas provinces. Type locality: Cuba; restricted by Schwartz and Ogren, 1956, to La Habana, La Habana Province, Cuba. aquarius: Cuba, southeast coast in Granma, Santiago de Cuba, and Guantânamo provinces. armouri: Little Bahama Bank; Grand Bahama Island, Abacos. USA (introduced to SE Florida). cayensis: Cuba, Jardines de la Reina. coryi: Great Bahama Bank, western islands and cays. granti: Cayman Is., Little Cayman I., Cayman Brac; Type locality: Cayman Brac hodsdoni: Bahama Is.: eastem and southern Great Bahama Bank; Cat I., Little San Salvador I. labrossytus: Cuba, south-central coast in Cienfuegos and Sancti Spiritus provinces; Bahia de Cochinos; Playa Larga. Altitudinal distribution sea level to about 1200 ft. microcyon: Isla de la Juventud. mogotensis: Cuba, central Pinar del Rio Province. jus: Cayman Is., Grand Cayman I.; Swan Is. virdscens: Great Bahama Bank: northern and eastern islands and cays. zayasi: Cuba, Peninsula de Guanahacabibes. INCERTAE SEDIS: Specimens from Villa Clara, Camagüey, and Holguin provinces are unassigned subspecifically; all specimens included in L. c. hodsdoni are not identical.
Reproduction	oviparous
Types	Holotype: MCZ R-38120, R-38110 Holotype: UMMZ [granti] Holotype: NCSM 83084 (was: ChM 55.1.62) [aquarius] Holotype: MCZ 38090 [armouri] Holotype: AMNH 77758 [cayensis] Holotype: FMNH 260 [coryi] Holotype: UMMZ 114494 [granti] Holotype: FMNH 22752 [hodsoni] Holotype: AMNH 77757 [labrossytus] Holotype: BMNH 1946.8.10.58, 1946.8.11.82 [macleayii] Holotype: AMNH 81271 [microcyon] Holotype: AMNH 77755 [mogotensis] SYNTYPES MCZ 6023, USNM 52405 [jus] Holotype: USNM 26758 [virescens] Holotype: AMNH 77756 [zayasi]
Diagnosis	Diagnosis (genus): Terrestrial iguanian squamates of small (53 mm SVL) to large (to 200 mm SVL) size; nasal bones large; septomaxilla reduced and free posteriorly; parietal roof constricted posteriorly in adults; nasal process of premaxilla overlapped dorsally and ventrally by nasal bones; Meckel's groove usually closed and fused; tooth crowns variable, but always tricuspid posteriorly; anterior process present on interclavicle; posterior process of interclavicle broadly flared; sternum reduced (except L. herminieri): xiphisternal rods curve anteriorly crossing over postxiphisternal ribs; ribs on cervical vertebrae expanded as scoops; caudal neural spine sail-shaped; autonomic fracture planes beginning on fifth or sixth caudal vertebra; cephalic scales large, platelike; enlarged subocular scale present; body scales keeled; ventral scales smooth (except L. herminieri); antebrachial folds simple to complex; tail-curling behavior common [PREGILL 1992].
Comment	Illustrations: Stejneger, 1917; Barbour and Ramsden, 1919; Rabb, 1957; Schwartz, 1959; Vogel, 1965; Vogel, 1966; Petzold, Pederzani, and Szidat, 1970; Schoener, Slade, and Stinson, 1982; Schwartz and Henderson, 1985. Subspecies: Leiocephalus carinatus varius GARMAN 1887 has been considered as a valid species by recent authors. Type species: Leiocephalus carinatus GRAY 1827 is the type species of the genus Leiocephalus GRAY 1827. Extinct Leiocephalus species: ------------------------------------------ Leiocephalus apertosulcus ETHERIDGE 1965; PREGILL 1992: 37 Distribution: Dominican Republic (as fossils); Type locality: Stratum 2, cave in Cerro de San Francisco, Municipio Pedro Santana, San Rafael (= La Estrelleta) Province, Republica Dominicana. Holotype: MCZ(VP) 3404. Right dentary. Note: May have been persisted into pre-Colombian times since Etheridge found skeletal elements which have been assigned to this species. Leiocephalus anonymous PREGILL 1984; PREGILL 1992 Distribution: Haiti. Type localiy: unspecified cave(s) near St. Michael de l’Atalye, Dept. L'Artibonite, Haiti. Holotype: USNM (VP) 340182 (right dentary). Note: only known from fossils. May have been persisted into historical times since Pregill found skeletal elements which have been assigned to this species. Leiocephalus roquetus BOCHATON et al. 2021; Guadeloupe, La Désirade Island
Etymology	Named after Latin “carinatus” = keeled (like a ship).
References	Barbour, T. 1904. Batrachia and Reptilia from the Bahamas. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard 46: 55—61 - get paper here Barbour, T. and B. Shreve. 1935. Concerning some Bahamian reptiles, with notes on the fauna. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 40: 347-365. Barbour, T. and C. T. Ramsden. 1919. The herpetology of Cuba. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard Coll. 47: 69-213. - get paper here Blais, C B; Henigan, L E; Dzikowski, N T; Romagosa, C M & Claunch, N M; 2019. Leiocephalus carinatus armouri (Northern Curly-tailed Lizard) Diet. Herpetological Review 50 (2): 374 - get paper here BOCHATON, CORENTIN; LAURENT CHARLES, ARNAUD LENOBLE 2021. Historical and fossil evidence of an extinct endemic species of Leiocephalus (Squamata: Leiocephalidae) from the Guadeloupe Islands. Zootaxa 4927: 383–409 - get paper here Bogert, C. M. 1980. Investigations in the field and laboratory of behavioural thermoregulation in an iguanid lizard. P.E.P. Deraniyagala Commemoration Volume, Lakehouse Investments Ltd, Colombo, Sri Lanka, pp. 90-102 [publication date uncertain, probably only 1981 or 1982] Boulenger, G.A. 1885. Catalogue of the lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. 2, Second edition. London, xiii+497 pp. - get paper here Campano, M. & Les, A. 2012. Leiocephalus carinatus (northern curly-tailed lizard) diet. Herpetological Review 43: 334 - get paper here CLAUNCH, N. M., E. STANLEY, AND C. M. ROMAGOSA 2020. Leiocephalus carinatus (Northern Curly-Tailed Lizard). Extreme Fecal Impaction. Herpetological Review 51: 126. Claunch, N.M. & Crowe-Riddell, J.M. 2018. Leiocephalus carinatus (Northern Curly-tailed Lizard) Extreme fecal impaction. Herpetological Review 49 (1): 118-119. - get paper here COLOSIMO, G., G. GERBER, AND C. CLAY 2020. Geographic Distribution: Leiocephalus carinatus (Northern Curly-Tailed Lizard). Turks And Caicos Islands: Providenciales. Herpetological Review 51: 272. Conant,R. & Collins,J.T. 1991. A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern/Central North America, 3rd ed. Houghton Mifflin (Boston/New York), xx + 450 p. Cooper Jr., W.E. 2007. Escape and its relationship to pursuit-deterrent signalling in the Cuban Curly-tailed lizard Leiocephalus carinatus. Herpetologica 63 (2): 144-150 - get paper here Cooper Jr., W.E.; Vitt, L.J.; Caldwell, J.P. & Fox, S.F. 2005. Relationships among foraging variables, phylogeny, and foraging modes, with new data for nine North American lizard species. Herpetologica 61 (3): 250-259 - get paper here DE ARMAS, LUIS F. 2022. A new introduced population of Leiocephalus carinatus (Squamata: Leiocephalidae) in eastern Artemisa Province, Cuba, with observations on its prey. Reptiles & Amphibians 29(1): 340–341. - get paper here Denzer, W. 1985. Die Herpetofauna Südfloridas, Teil 1: Die disjunkten Populationen tropischer Reptilien und Amphibien im Süden Floridas. Sauria 7 (2): 5-10 - get paper here Duméril, A. M. C. and G. Bibron. 1837. Erpétologie Générale ou Histoire Naturelle Complete des Reptiles. Vol. 4. Libr. Encyclopédique Roret, Paris, 570 pp. - get paper here Enge, K.M. 2018. Geographic Distribution: Leiocephalus carinatus (Northern Curly-tailed Lizard). Herpetological Review 49 (1): 74. - get paper here Franz, Richard;Dodd, C. Kenneth, Jr 1994. Leiocephalus carinatus virescens (Exuma Islands curlytail lizard). Bahamas: Great Bahama Bank. Herpetological Review 25 (4): 165 - get paper here Gandia, Anaisa Cajigas; Javier Torres, and Orlando J. Torres 2015. A New Trophic Resource in the Diet of the Leiocephalus carinatus (Squamata: Leiocephalidae) in Cuba. IRCF Reptiles & Amphibians 22 (4): 152-152 - get paper here Garman, S. 1887. On the reptiles and batrachians of Grand Cayman. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 24: 273-277 - get paper here Gibbons, Whit; Judy Greene, and Tony Mills 2009. LIZARDS AND CROCODILIANS OF THE SOUTHEAST. University of Georgia Press, 240 pp. Grant, C. 1941. The herpetology of the Cayman Islands. Bulletin of the Institute of Jamaica, Science Series [1940] (2):1-56 Gray, J. E. 1827. A description of a new genus and some new species of saurian reptiles; with a revision of the species of chameleons. Philos. Mag., (ser. 2) 2: 207-214. - get paper here Hedges SB, Powell R, Henderson RW, Hanson S, and Murphy JC 2019. Definition of the Caribbean Islands biogeographic region, with checklist and recommendations for standardized common names of amphibians and reptiles. Caribbean Herpetology 67: 1–53 Herr, J S & Moore, J A; 2019. Leiocephalus carinatus armouri (Northern Curly-tailed Lizard) Predation. Herpetological Review 50 (2): 374-375 - get paper here Kircher BK, Robinson CD, & Johnson MA. 2014. Herbivory in the Northern Curly-tailed Lizard (Leiocephalus carinatus). Caribbean Herpetology 50:1-2 - get paper here Krysko, K.K.; Enge, K.M.; Donlan, E.M.; Golden, E.Z.; Burgess, J.P. & Larson, K.W. 2009. THE NON-MARINE HERPETOFAUNA OF KEY BISCAYNE, FLORIDA. Herp. Cons. Biol. 5 (1):132-142 - get paper here Krysko, Kenneth L., Kyle E. Giddens, Kurt H. Gielow, Travis S. Lowke, William S. Moore, Eric Suarez, Cailey D. Thomas and Steve A. Johnson. 2010. Geographic distribution: Leiocephalus carinatus. Herpetological Review 41 (3): 378 - get paper here Kunz, K. 2005. Photogenic herpetofauna. Notes on Cuban Synanthropic species. Reptilia (GB) (43): 47-53 - get paper here Kunz, K. 2005. Leiocephalus carinatus GRAY 1827 - Rollschwanzleguan. Reptilia (Münster) 10 (52): 51-54 - get paper here LARA RESENDIZ, Rafael Alejandro 2020. ¿QUÉ IMPLICACIONES ECOFISIOLÓGICAS TIENE LA ACTIVIDAD NOCTURNA EN REPTILES "DIURNOS"? UNA REVISIÓN. Acta Biológica Colombiana, 25(2), 314-326 - get paper here Leptien, R. & Werning, H. 2009. Exoten-Tagebuch. [introduced reptiles in Florida]. Draco 10 (37): 44-54 - get paper here McCranie, James R. 2015. A checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Honduras, with additions, comments on taxonomy, some recent taxonomic decisions, and areas of further studies needed. Zootaxa 3931 (3): 352–386 - get paper here Meshaka Jr., Walter E. 2011. A RUNAWAY TRAIN IN THE MAKING: THE EXOTIC AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES, TURTLES, AND CROCODILIANS OF FLORIDA. Herp. Cons. Biol. 6 (Monograph 1): 1-101 - get paper here Meshaka, Jr., W.E., H.T. Smith, and C.L. Dean 2007. Gonadal cycle and growth of a west indian lizard, the Northern Curlytail Lizard (Leiocephalus carinatus armouri) in Southern Florida. Herp. Cons. Biol. 1 (2): 109-116 - get paper here Moore, J.A., Hipps, A.C., Reiland-Smith, C. & Fremont, L. 2017. Leiocephalus carinatus (Northern Curlytail Lizard) Gopher Tortoise burrow associate. Herpetological Review 48 (4): 848 - get paper here MUELLER, N. J 2020. Leiocephalus carinatus (Northern Curly-Tailed Lizard). Diet. Herpetological Review 51: 601. Petzold, H.G. Pederzani, H.A., and Szidat, H. 1970. Einige Beobachtungen zur Biologie des kubanischen Rollschwanzleguans, Leiocephalus carinatus. Der Zoologische Garten 39(1/6): 304-22. Pregill G 1984. An extinct species of Leiocephalus from Haiti (Sauria: Iguanidae). Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 97 (4): 827-833 - get paper here Pregill,G.K. 1992. Systematics of the West Indian Lizard Genus Leiocephalus (Squamata: Iguania: Tropiduridae). Misc. Publ. Univ. Kans. Mus. Nat. Hist. 84: 1-69 - get paper here Rabb, G.B. 1957. A study of variation in the iguanid lizards of the Leiocephalus carinatus complex. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Microfilms, Ann Arbor: xiii + 159 pp. Rabb, George B. 1957. A new race of the iguanid lizard Leicephalus carinatus from Cayman Brac, B. W. I. Herpetologica 13: 109-110 - get paper here Rodríguez Schettino, Lourdes (ed.) 1999. The iguanid lizards of Cuba. University Press of Florida, 428 pp. Rodriguez-Barbosa, C.A., Johnson, S.A. & Harding, C.L. 2017. Leiocephalus carinatus (Northern Curly-tailed Lizard) Diet. Herpetological Review 48 (4): 848-849 - get paper here Rodríguez-Cabrera, Tomás M.; Alejandro M. Rodríguez González, and Javier Torres 2018. Herpetofauna of Cayo Carenas, Cienfuegos Bay, south-central Cuba. IRCF Reptiles & Amphibians 25 (1): 13–19 - get paper here Rodríguez Schettino, Lourdes, Carlos A. Mancina & Vilma Rivalta González 2013. REPTILES OF CUBA: CHECKLIST AND GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTIONS. Smithsonian Herp. Inf. Serv. (144): 1-96 - get paper here Rowan, Rex. 2011. Geographic Distribution: Leiocephalus carinatus (northern curly-tailed lizard). Herpetological Review 42 (3): 391 - get paper here Schmidt, Karl P. 1936. Notes on Bahaman reptiles and amphibians. Zoological Series of the Field Museum of Natural History 20 (16): 127-133 - get paper here Schmidt, T. 2013. Auf Schlangensuche im Familien-Urlaub. Ein Drama in drei Akten. Reptilia (Münster) 18 (99): 68-75 - get paper here Schoener, T.W. Slade, J.B., and Stinson, C.H. 1982. Diet and sexual dimorphism in the very catholic lizard genus, Leiocephalus of the Bahamas. Oecologia 53:160-69. - get paper here Schoener, T.W.; David A. Spiller, and Jonathan B. Losos 2004. Variable ecological effects of hurricanes: The importance of seasonal timing for survival of lizards on Bahamian islands. PNAS 101: 177-181 - get paper here Schoener, Thomas W.; Jason J. Kolbe, Manuel Leal, Jonathan B. Losos, and David A. Spiller 2017. A Multigenerational Field Experiment on Eco-evolutionary Dynamics of the Influential Lizard Anolis sagrei: A Mid-term Report. Copeia Sep 2017, Vol. 105, No. 3: 543-549. - get paper here Schwartz, A. 1959. The Cuban lizards of the species Leiocephalus carinatus (Gray). Reading Public Museum and Art Gallery Sci. Publ. (10): 1-47. Schwartz, A. & Henderson, R.W. 1988. West Indian Amphibian and Reptiles: A Checklist. Milwaukee Publ. Mus. Contr. Biol. Geol. No. 74: 264 pp. - get paper here Schwartz, A. & Henderson, R.W. 1991. Amphibians and Reptiles of the West Indies. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, 720 pp. Schwartz, A. and Henderson, R.W. 1985. A guide to the identification of the amphibians and reptiles of the West Indies exclusive of Hispaniola. Milwaukee Public Mus., 165 pp. Schwartz, A. and Ogren, L.H. 1956. A collection of reptiles and amphibians from Cuba, with the descriptionof two new forms. Herpetologica 12 (2): 91-110 - get paper here Smith, Henry T., Richard M. Engeman, Walter E. Jr. Meshaka and Ernest M. Cowan. 2006. Leiocephalus carinatus armouri Scavenged road-kill. Herpetological Review 37 (1): 87 - get paper here Smith, Hobart M. 1946. Handbook of Lizards: Lizards of the United States and of Canada. Comstock, Ithaca, NY, xxii + 557 pp. Solís, J. M., L. D. Wilson, and J. H. Townsend. 2014. An updated list of the amphibians and reptiles of Honduras, with comments on their nomenclature. Mesoamerican Herpetology 1: 123–144 - get paper here Stejneger, L.H. 1917. Cuban amphibians and reptiles collected for the United States National Museum from 1899 to 1902. Proc. US Natl. Mus. 53: 259-291 - get paper here Stejneger, Leonhard 1901. Diagnosis of a new species of Iguanoid lizard from Green Cay, Bahama Islands. Proc. US Natl. Mus. 23 (1219): 471 - get paper here THOMASON, S. D., J. M. BROXTON, C. M. ROMAGOSA, AND N. M. CLAUNCH 2020. Geographic Distribution: Leiocephalus carinatus (Northern Curly-Tailed Lizard). USA: Florida: Lake Co. Herpetological Review 51: 272. Vogel, Z. 1965. Herpetologische Beobachtungen auf Kuba. Aquar. und Terrar. 12 (7):235-39. Vogel, Z. 1966. Herpetologische waarnemingen op Cuba (II). Lacerta 24 (8): 59-60. - get paper here Weigl, G.L., R.G. Domey & W.R. Courtenay, Jr. 1969. Survival and Range Expansion of the Curly-Tailed Lizard, Leiocephalus carinatus armouri, in Florida Copeia 1969 (4): 841-842. - get paper here Wilson, Larry David and James R. McCranie 2002. Update on the list of reptiles know from Honduras. Herpetological Review 33 (2):90-94 - get paper here
External links	IUCN Red List National Center for Biotechnology Information http://fm2.fieldmuseum.org/plantguides/guide_pdfs/197%20Cuba%20Baconao… http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-1MwwViYJSIM/TsK0T_vonQI/AAAAAAAAUqI/Fl_DLfV_QpA… https://phostracks.com/2016/06/22/the-northern-curlytail-lizard… http://www.arod.com.au/arod/reptilia/Squamata/Pygopodidae/Ophidiocephalus… Google images

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