Psammobates tentorius (BELL, 1828)

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Higher Taxa	Testudinidae, Testudinoidea, Testudines (turtles)
Subspecies	Psammobates tentorius tentorius (BELL 1828) Psammobates tentorius trimeni (BOULENGER 1886) Psammobates tentorius verroxii (SMITH 1839)
Common Names	E: Tent Tortoise
Synonym	Testudo tentoria BELL 1828 Testudo tentoria — SOWERBY 1872 Testudo tentoria — BOETTGER 1889: 284 Psammobates tentorius — FRITZ & BININDA-EMONDS 2007 Psammobates tentorius — TTWG 2021 Psammobates tentorius tentorius (BELL 1828) Testudo geometrica var. nigriventris GRAY 1855 Chersinella tentoria albanica HEWITT 1933 Chersinella tentoria tentorioides HEWITT 1933 Chersinella tentoria piscatella HEWITT 1933 Chersinella tentoria subsulcata HEWITT 1933 Chersinella tentoria karuica HEWITT 1933 Chersinella tentoria duerdeni HEWITT 1933 Chersinella tentoria lativittata HEWITT 1933 Chersinella tentoria karuella HEWITT 1933 Psammobates tentorius tentorius — LOVERIDGE & WILLIAMS 1957 Psammobates tentorius tentorius — VALVERDE 2005 Psammobates tentorius tentorius — ZHAO et al. 2019 Psammobates tentorius tentorius — TTWG 2021 Psammobates tentorius trimeni (BOULENGER 1886) Testudo trimeni BOULENGER 1886 Testudo trimeni — BOETTGER 1889: 283 Testudo trimeni — WERNER 1910: 303 Chersinella tentoria hexensis HEWITT 1933 Psammobates tentorius tentorius — LOVERIDGE & WILLIAMS 1957 Psammobates tentorius — TTWG 2014: 405 Psammobates tentorius trimeni — SCHLEICHER 2015: 35 Psammobates tentorius trimeni — ZHAO et al. 2019 Psammobates tentorius trimeni — TTWG 2021 Psammobates tentorius verroxii (SMITH 1839) Testudo verroxii SMITH 1839 Peltastes verreauxii GRAY 1870 (nomen subst. pro T. verroxii Smith) Testudo fiski BOULENGER 1886 Testudo smithi BOULENGER 1886 Testudo verreauxii — BOULENGER 1889 Testudo verreauxi — BOETTGER 1889: 282 Testudo verreauxii — OUDEMANS 1895 Testudo seimundi BOULENGER 1903: 216 Testudo boettgeri SIEBENROCK 1904 Homopus bergeri LINDHOLM 1906 Testudo oscarboettgeri LINDHOLM 1907: 295 Testudo bergeri — SIEBENROCK 1909 Testudo verroxii — WERNER 1910: 302 Testudo bergeri — WERNER 1910: 304 Chersinella verroxii bergeri — HEWITT 1934 Testudo oscar-boettgeri LINDHOLM 1929 (nomen nov. pro T. boettgeri) Chersinella fiski cronwrighti HEWITT 1934 Chersinella fiski orangensis HEWITT 1934 Chersinella fiski colesbergensis HEWITT 1934 Chersinella fiski grica HEWITT 1934 Chersinella fiski gricoides HEWITT 1934 Chersinella schonlandi HEWITT 1934 Chersinella verroxii amasensis HEWITT 1934 Psammobates fiski colesbergensis HEWITT 1937: 8 Psammobates depressa FITZSIMONS 1938 Testudo verroxii bergeri — MERTENS 1955 Testudo smithi bergeri — MERTENS & WERMUTH 1955 Psammobates tentorius verroxii — LOVERIDGE & WILLIAMS 1957 Testudo tentorius verroxii — MERTENS 1971 Psammobates tentorius verroxii — SCHLEICHER 2012 Psammobates tentorius verroxii — SCHLEICHER 2015 Psammobates tentorius verroxii — HOFMEYR et al. 2016 Psammobates tentorius verroxii — ZHAO et al. 2019 Psammobates tentorius verroxii — TTWG 2021
Distribution	Namibia (from the Great Namaqualand southeastward), Republic of South Africa (to Cape Province) Type locality: "Habitat in Africa?"
Reproduction	oviparous.
Types	Holotype: OUM 8570 Holotype: SMF 7793 [Testudo boettgeri SIEBENROCK 1904] Holotype: SMF 7793 - same as that of T. boettgeri [Testudo oscarboettgeri LINDHOLM 1907] Holotype: M 17821, female [Psammobates depressa] Syntypes: BMNH 1947.3.5.10·12 (3 specimens) [trimeni] Holotype: NMSZ 1859.13.1680 (also given as RSM = Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh) [verroxi]
Diagnosis
Comment	Zhao et al. 2021 found multiple lineages within this species, possibly representing 4 to 7 species.
References	Bates, M.F.; Branch, W.R., Bauer, A.M.; Burger, M., Marais, J.; Alexander, G.J. & de Villliers, M.S. (eds.) 2014. Atlas and Red List of the Reptiles of South Africa, Lesotho, and Swaziland. Suricata 1. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, 512 pp. Bauer, A.M., and Branch, W.R. 2003. The herpetofauna of the Richtersveld National Park, Northern Cape Province, Republic of South Africa. Herpetological Natural History 8: 111-160 [2001] Bell, T. 1828. Descriptions of three new species of land tortoises. Zoological Journal. London. 3: 419-421. - get paper here Boettger, O. 1889. Herpetologische Miscellen. [I Epirus, II Corfu, III Kamerun, IV Gross-Namaland, V Transvaal, VI. Pondoland, VII Madagascar, VIII Madras, IX Java, X Nias, XI Nordwest-Peru]. Bericht senckenb. naturf. Ges. (Frankfurt): 267-316 - get paper here Bonin, F., Devaux, B. & Dupré, A. 2006. Turtles of the World. English translation by P.C.H. Pritchard. Johns Hopkins University Press, 416 pp. Boulenger, G.A. 1886. On the South-African tortoises allied to Testudo geometrica. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1886: 540-542 - get paper here Boulenger, George Albert 1903. On a Collection of Batrachians and Reptiles from the Interior of Cape Colony. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 12: 215-217. - get paper here Branch, W R 1992. Homopus 'bergeri' - a wrong name for a new tortoise from southern Namibia. Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa 40: 11 - get paper here Branch, W.R. 1989. Homopus bergeri Nama or Berger's padloper (English), Bergerse Skilpad (in Afrikaans). OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE IUCN SPECIES SURVIVAL COMMISSION (SSC) No. 5: 75-77 Branch, William R. 1993. A Photographic Guide to Snakes and Other Reptiles of Southern Africa. Cape Town: Struik Publishers, 144 S. Ernst,C.H. and Barbour,R.W. 1989. Turtles of the World. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. - London Fritz, U., Tolley, K. A., Vamberger, M., & Ihlow, F. 2022. Phylogeny and phylogeography of chelonians from sub-Saharan Africa—A review of current knowledge in tribute to Margaretha D. Hofmeyr. Vertebrate Zoology, 72: 951-969 - get paper here Fritz, Uwe and Olaf R.P. Bininda-Emonds 2007. When genes meet nomenclature: Tortoise phylogeny and the shifting generic concepts of Testudo and Geochelone. Zoology 110 (4): 298-307 [erratum in vol. 111 (1): 84] - get paper here Herrmann, H.-W.; W.R. Branch 2013. Fifty years of herpetological research in the Namib Desert and Namibia with an updated and annotated species checklist. Journal of Arid Environments 93: 94–115 - get paper here Hofmeyr, Margaretha D.; Melita Vamberger, William Branch, Alfred Schleicher and Savel R. Daniels 2016. Tortoise (Reptilia, Testudinidae) radiations in Southern Africa from the Eocene to the present. Zoologica Scripta 46: 389–400, DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12223 [Record online: 18 NOV 2016] - get paper here Karl, Hans Volker; Tichy, Gottfried 1999. The taxonomy of Homopus bergeri Lindholm 1906 (Testudines: Testudinoidea). MAURITIANA 17 (2): 277-284 Köhler, J. & Güsten, R. 2007. Herpetological type specimens in the natural history collections of the museums in Darmstadt and Wiesbaden, Germany. Spixiana 30 (2): 275-288 - get paper here Loveridge, Arthur & Williams, Ernest E. 1957. Revision of the African Tortoises and Turtles of the Suborder Cryptodira. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard 115 (6): 163-557 - get paper here Mashinini, P.L.; Mahlangu, L.M. 2014. An annotated catalogue of the types of chelonians (Reptilia: Testudines) in the Herpetology collection of the Ditsong National Museum of Natural History, South Africa. Annals of the Ditsong National Museum of Natural History 4: - get paper here Oudemans, J.Th. 1895. Einige Bemerkungen über zwei südafrikanische Schildkröten. Zool. Anz. 18: 321-324 - get paper here Schleicher, Alfred 2012. Seltenen Schildkröten Namibias auf der Spur. Terraria-Elaphe 2012 (1): 36-37 - get paper here Schleicher, Alfred 2015. Reptilien Namibias. Namibia Scientific Society, 276 pp. Schleicher, Alfred 2020. Reptiles of Namibia. Kuiseb Publishers, Windhoek, Namibia, 271 pp. Smith, A. 1839. Illustrations of the zoology of South Africa, Reptilia. Smith, Elder, and Co., London - get paper here Sowerby, James de Carle and Edward Lear 1872. Tortoises, terrapins, and turtles: drawn from life. London, Paris, and Frankfort :H. Sotheran, J. Baer & co. - get paper here TTWG [Peter Paul van Dijk, John B. Iverson, Anders G.J. Rhodin, H. Bradley Shaffer, and Roger Bour] 2014. Turtles of the World, 7th Edition: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution with Maps, and Conservation Status. 000.v7. Chelonian Research Monographs (ISSN 1088-7105) No. 5, doi:10.3854/crm.5.000.checklist.v7.2014 - get paper here TTWG; Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., Bour, R., Fritz, U., Georges, A., Shaffer, H.B., and van Dijk, P.P. 2021. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (9th Ed.). In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., van Dijk, P.P., Stanford, C.B., Goode, E.V., Buhlmann, K.A., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.). Chelonian Research Monographs 8:1–472. doi:10.3854/crm.8.checklist.atlas.v9.2021. - get paper here Valverde, J. 2005. African Tortoises. Reptilia (GB) (43): 12-20 - get paper here Valverde, J. 2005. Afrikanische Landschildkröten. Reptilia (Münster) 10 (56): 18-25 - get paper here Werner,F. 1910. Reptilia et Amphibia. In Schultze, L., Zoologische und anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Forschungsreise im westlichen und zentralen Südafrika. Band IV, Systematik und Tiergeographie Vertebrata B. Denkschr. Med.-Nat. Wiss. GeselI. Jena 16: 279-370 [1910] - get paper here Zhao, Z, Heideman, N, Grobler, P, Jordaan, A, Bester, P, Hofmeyr, MD. 2019. Unraveling the diversification and systematic puzzle of the highly polymorphic Psammobates tentorius (Bell, 1828) complex (Reptilia: Testudinidae) through phylogenetic analyses and species delimitation approaches. J Zool Syst Evol Res. 58 (1): 308-326 [2020] - get paper here Zhao, Z., Heideman, N., Bester, P., Jordaan, A., & Hofmeyr, M. D. 2020. Climatic and topographic changes since the Miocene influenced the radiation and biogeography of tent tortoises (Psammobates tentorius) species complex in southern Africa as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear genes, microsatellite markers as well Res. Square - get paper here Zhao, Z., Oosthuizen, J., & Heideman, N. 2021. How many species does the Psammobates tentorius (tent tortoise) species complex (Reptilia, Testudinidae) comprise? A taxonomic solution potentially applicable to species complexes. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 00, 1– 23 - get paper here
External links	IUCN Red List National Center for Biotechnology Information http://www.chelonia.org/psammobates_gallery.htm https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=txY9quHvyfE Google images

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