Testudo graeca LINNAEUS, 1758

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Higher Taxa	Testudinidae, Testudinoidea, Testudines (turtles)
Subspecies	Testudo graeca graeca LINNAEUS 1758 Testudo graeca armeniaca CHKHIKVADZE & BAKRADSE 1991 Testudo graeca buxtoni BOULENGER 1921 Testudo graeca cyrenaica PIEH & PERÄLÄ 2002 Testudo graeca ibera PALLAS 1814 Testudo graeca marokkensis PIEH & PERÄLÄ 2004 Testudo graeca nabeulensis HIGHFIELD 1990 Testudo graeca perses PERÄLÄ 2002 Testudo graeca soussensis PIEH 2000 Testudo graeca terrestris FORSKÅL 1775 Testudo graeca whitei BENNETT in WHITE 1836 Testudo graeca zarudnyi NIKOLSKY 1896
Common Names	E: Mediterranean Spur-thighed Tortoise G: Maurische Landschildkröte Russian: Средиземноморская черепаха Italian: testuggine moresca
Synonym	Testudo graeca LINNAEUS 1758: 198 Testudo pusilla LINNAEUS 1758: 198 Testudo graeca — LINK 1807: 53 Testudo ibera PALLAS 1814 (fide KHALIKOV, pers. comm.) Testudo mauritanica DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1835: 45 Testudo graeca — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1835: 49 Testudo mauritanica — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1854: 219 Testudo graeca — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1854: 219 Testudo ibera — BOULENGER 1836 Testudo ibera — WERNER 1899: 376 Testudo graeca — ENGELMANN et al. 1993 Testudo graeca — SCHLEICH, KÄSTLE & KABISCH 1996: 148 Testudo graeca — LAPPARENT DE BROIN 2001 Testudo dagestanica CHIKHIKVADZE, MAZANAEVA & SHAMMAKOV 2011 Testudo graeca dagestanica — HERZ 2013 Testudo (Testudo) graeca — TTWG 2017: 151 Testudo graeca graeca LINNAEUS 1758 Testudo pusilla LINNAEUS 1758 Testudo mauritanica DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1835: 45 Tistudo mauritonica — KERCADO 1835 (error typographicus) Testudo pusilla — BOETTGER 1879: 81 Testudo graeca graeca — MERTENS 1946 Testudo graeca graeca — BONIN et al 2006 Testudo graeca graeca — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007 Testudo graeca graeca — HERZ 2013 Testudo (Testudo) graeca graeca — TTWG 2017: 152 Testudo (Testudo) graeca graeca — TTWG 2021 Testudo graeca antakyensis PERÄLÄ 1996 Testudo antakyensis PERÄLÄ 1996 Testudo (graeca) antakyensis — BONIN et al 2006 Testudo graeca antakyensis — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007 Testudo graeca antakyensis — HERZ 2013 Testudo graeca armeniaca CHKHIKVADZE & BAKRADSE 1991 Testudo graeca armeniaca CHKHIKVADZE 1989 (nom. nud.) Testudo graeca pallasi CHKHIKVADZE & BAKRADZE 2002 Testudo (graeca) pallasi — BONIN et al 2006 Testudo (graeca) armeniaca — BONIN et al 2006 Testudo graeca armeniaca — AUER 2007 Testudo graeca armeniaca — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007 Testudo graeca pallasi — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007 Testudo graeca pallasi — HERZ 2013 Testudo graeca passasi [sic] — HERZ 2013: 113 Testudo graeca armeniaca — HERZ 2013 Testudo graeca armeniaca — TUNIYEV et al. 2014 Testudo graeca armeniaca — JAVANBAKHT et al. 2017 Testudo (Testudo) graeca armeniaca — TTWG 2017: 152 Testudo (Testudo) graeca armeniaca — TTWG 2021 Testudo graeca buxtoni BOULENGER 1921 Testudo buxtoni BOULENGER 1921 (valid fide PIEH et al. 2002) Testudo buxtoni — PERÄLÄ 2001 Testudo buxtoni — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007 Testudo graeca buxtoni — AUER & HERZ 2007 Testudo graeca buxtoni — HERZ 2013 Testudo graeca buxtoni — JAVANBAKHT et al. 2017 Testudo (Testudo) graeca buxtoni — TTWG 2017: 152 Testudo (Testudo) graeca buxtoni — TTWG 2021 Testudo graeca cyrenaica PIEH & PERÄLÄ 2002 Testudo graeca cyrenaica — BONIN et al 2006 Testudo graeca cyrenaica — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007 Testudo graeca cyrenaica — HERZ 2013 Testudo (Testudo) graeca cyrenaica — TTWG 2017: 153 Testudo (Testudo) graeca cyrenaica — TTWG 2021 Testudo graeca ibera PALLAS 1814 Testudo ibera PALLAS 1814: 18 Testudo georgicana GÜLDENSTEDT 1814 (nomen nudum) Testudo ecaudata PALLAS 1814 (nomen dubium fide PIEH et al. 2002) Testudo ibera var. bicaudalis VENZMER 1918 Testudo ibera racovitzai CALINESCU 1931 Testudo graeca ibera — MERTENS 1946 Testudo graeca nikolskii CHKHIKVADZE & TUNIEV 1986 Testudo graeca nikolskii — TUNIYEV 1990 Testudo flavominimaralis HIGHFIELD & MARTIN 1990 (fide KUYL et al. 2002) Testudo terrestris ibera — DAVID 1994 Testudo graeca ibera — STOEV 2000 Testudo graeca ibera — BISCHOFF 2002 Testudo graeca ibera — TÜRKOZAN et al. 2005 Testudo (graeca) ibera — BONIN et al 2006 Testudo (graeca) nikolskii — BONIN et al 2006 Testudo graeca nikolskii — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007 Testudo graeca ibera — AUER 2007 Testudo graeca ibera — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007 Testudo graeca flavominimaralis — HERZ 2013 Testudo graeca nikolskii — HERZ 2013 Testudo ibera racovitzai — HERZ 2013 Testudo graeca ibera — HERZ 2013 Testudo graeca ibera — JAVANBAKHT et al. 2017 Testudo (Testudo) graeca ibera — TTWG 2017: 153 Testudo (Testudo) graeca ibera — TTWG 2021 Testudo graeca marokkensis PIEH & PERÄLÄ 2004 Testudo graeca marokkensis — BONIN et al 2006 Testudo graeca lamberti — BONIN et al 2006 Testudo graeca lamberti — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007 Testudo graeca marokkensis — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007 Testudo graeca lamberti — HERZ 2013 Testudo graeca marokkensis — HERZ 2013 Testudo (Testudo) graeca marokkensis — TTWG 2017: 153 Testudo (Testudo) graeca marokkensis — TTWG 2021 Testudo graeca nabeulensis (HIGHFIELD 1990) Furculachelys nabeulensis HIGHFIELD 1990: 32 Testudo nabeulensis — IVERSON Testudo nabeulensis — VETTER 2002 Testudo graeca nabeulensis — KUYL et al. 2002 Testudo nabeulensis — ROGNER 2006 Testudo graeca nabeulensis — BONIN et al 2006 Testudo graeca nabeulensis — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007 Testudo graeca nabeulensis — HERZ 2013 Testudo (Testudo) graeca — TTWG 2017: 153 Testudo (Testudo) graeca nabeulensis — TTWG 2021 Testudo graeca perses PERÄLÄ 2002 Testudo perses PERÄLÄ 2002 Testudo perses — TÜRKOZAN et al. 2004 Testudo (graeca) perses — BONIN et al 2006 Testudo graeca perses — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007 Testudo graeca perses — HERZ 2013 Testudo graeca soussensis PIEH 2000 Testudo graeca soussensis — BONIN et al 2006 Testudo graeca soussensis — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007 Testudo graeca soussensis — LEPTIEN 2009 Testudo graeca soussensis — HERZ 2013 Testudo (Testudo) graeca soussensis — TTWG 2017: 153 Testudo graeca terrestris FORSKÅL 1775 Testudo terrestris FORSKÅL 1775 (non T. t. FERMIN 1765) Testudo zolkafa FORSKÅL 1831 (nomen nudum) Testudo zohalfa FORSKÅL 1835 (nomen nudum) Testudo floweri BODENHEIMER 1935 Testudo graeca floweri — MERTENS 1946 Testudo graeca terrestris — WERMUTH 1958 Testudo graeca terrestris — ESTERBAUER 1985 Testudo graeca anamurensis WEISSINGER 1987 Testudo terrestris terrestris — DAVID 1994 Testudo terrestris — PERÄLÄ 2001 Testudo floweri — PERÄLÄ 2001 Testudo floweri — LAHONY et al. 2002 Testudo graeca terrestris — HRAOUI-BLOQUET et al. 2002 Testudo terrestris — PERÄLÄ & BOUR 2004 Testudo (graeca) terrestris — BONIN et al 2006 Testudo (graeca) anamurensis — BONIN et al 2006 Testudo graeca floweri — BONIN et al 2006 Testudo graeca floweri — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007 Testudo graeca anamurensis — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007 Testudo graeca terrestris — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007 Testudo graeca anamurensis — HERZ 2013 Testudo graeca floweri — HERZ 2013 Testudo graeca terrestris — HERZ 2013 Testudo graeca terrestris — JAVANBAKHT et al. 2017 Testudo (Testudo) graeca terrestris — TTWG 2017: 154 Testudo (Testudo) graeca terrestris — TTWG 2021 Testudo graeca whitei BENNETT in WHITE 1836 Testudo whitei BENNETT in WHITE 1836: 361 Peltastes marginatus whitei — GRAY 1870: 12 Testudo marginata whitei Furculachelys whitei — HIGHFIELD 1990 Testudo graeca whitei — HERZ 2013 Testudo (Testudo) graeca whitei — TTWG 2021 Testudo graeca zarudnyi NIKOLSKY 1896 Testudo zarudnyi NIKOLSKY 1896 Testudo zarudnyi — SCHMIDT 1939 Testudo graeca zarudnyi — MERTENS 1946 Testudo terrestris zarudnyi — DAVID 1994 Testudo zarudnyi — PERÄLÄ 2001 Testudo (graeca) zarudnyi — BONIN et al 2006 Testudo graeca zarudnyi — PIEH & PHILIPPEN 2007 Testudo graeca zarudnyi — HERZ 2013 Testudo graeca zarudnyi — JAVANBAKHT et al. 2017 Testudo (Testudo) graeca zarudnyi — TTWG 2017: 154 Testudo graeca zarudnyi — ANANJEVA et al. 2020 Testudo (Testudo) graeca zarudnyi — TTWG 2021
Distribution	S Spain (introduced to Mallorca, Formentera) Italy incl. Sardinia and Sicily (introduced), France (introduced), N Greece (including Aegean islands, e.g. Limnos, Lesbos, Chios, Samos, Samothraki), Serbia, Montenegro, Albania, Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Israel, Syria, Jordan, Iran, N Iraq Russia (eastwards to Transcaucasus; Dagestan), acording to the 1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals: Albania, Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Egypt, France, E Republic of Georgia, Greece, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Macedonia, Moldova, Morocco, Romania, Russia, Spain, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan armeniaca: Trans-Caucasus, Iran; Type locality: Megri, southeastern Armenia. anamurensis: Cape Anamur and SW coast of Turkey. Type locality: Anamurum, southern Turkey. antakyensis: S Turkey; Type locality: Antakya, Turkey. buxtoni: N Iran; Type locality: Manjil, between Resht and Kaswin, Iran. cyrenaica: Libya (endemic); Type locality: Derna (= Darna or Darnah, 32°46'N 22°39'E), Cyrenaica, eastern Libya. flavominimaralis: Tunisia floweri: Negev (S arid Israel); type locality: “Negev”. ibera: S Serbia, Greece (Lesbos, Samos), Romania through Iran. Type locality: Tbilisi, Georgia (designated by Bour 1987). lamberti: NW Morocco; Type locality: 22 km north of Tétouan (35°34'N 5°22'W), Morocco. marokkensis: NW Morocco; Type locality: Tarmilete (33°23'N 6°04'W), Morocco. nabeulensis: Tunisia, NW Libya; Type locality: Nabeul, N Tunisia nikolskii: Republic of Georgia, Russia (western Caucasus); Type locality: Nebug Settlement, Tuapse County, Krasnodar District, Russia. pallasi: Russia (Daghestan); Type locality: vicinity of Gilyary-Dag Settlement, Dagestan. perses: SE Turkey, NE Iraq, SC Iran (Zagros mountains); Type locality: 3 miles W of Lālābād Village and 25 miles NW Kermānshāh (34°27'N 46°50'E), Kermānshāhān Province, west-central Iran. soussensis: Souss valley, Morocco; Type locality: Vincity of Agadir, 30°28'N, 9°55'W. terrestris: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, SE Turkey. Designated type locality (by neotype designation; Perälä & Bour 2004): Aleppo, Syria. zarudnyi: E Iran; Type locality: “Birdschan” [Birjand, South Khorasan Province, Iran, 32.87 N 59.22 E]. whitei: Algeria; Type locality: Algiers and its environs, Algeria (Highfield & Martin 1989) Type locality: "Africa," according to Linnaeus 1758:352; however, the caption of the holotype, Plate 204 of Edwards 1751 reads "Loc. Santa Cruz in West Barbary" (=old fort Santa Cruz near Oran, Algeria, according to Strauch (1862:67). Mertens and Müller (1928:22), designated it as "Santa Cruz, in der Westberberei, Nordafrika" (after KING & BURKE 1989).
Reproduction	Oviparous. Temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) (Pieau 1998).
Types	Iconotype: The life-sized colored figure in Plate 204 of Edwards 1751 according to Loveridge and Williams 1957:264-265. Holotype: BNHS fide Boulenger 1921, collected by Captain P.A. Buxton, BMNH 1947.3.5.16 (1920.8.6.1) Presented: Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Type of Testudo buxtoni, listed as Testudo graeca ibera) [buxtoni] Holotype: MTD (= MTKD) 31880, adult female, don. Detlef MENDAU VII. 1991 [cyrenaica] Lectotype: Iconotype (Pallas. Plate II. fig. 2- 3, originally unpublished but reproduced by Strauch 1862:69: Darevsky and Mertens 1973: 100: and Bour 1986: 113). Designation by Bour (1986: 113) [ibera] Holotype: SMNS 7602 [marokkensis] Neotype: MNHN 0.1937, designated by Schweiger & Gemel 2020. Previously, USNM 10980 was considered as (questionable) syntype [Testudo mauritanica] Holotype: unknown, "adult male", without further collection information [nabeulensis] Holotype: FMNH 130820 [perses] Paratype: SMNS 4647.1 [soussensis] Hololype: lost (apparently fide R. G. Webb. pers. comm., cited in Iverson 1992: 286) [terrestris] Hololype: ZISP 8738 (also given as ZIL) [zarudnyi]
Diagnosis
Comment	Distribution: Erroneously reported from Egypt (SCHLEICH et al. 1996), but does not occur there (BUSKIRK 1996). Testudo graeca has been reported from the Canary Islands but these specimens are most likely escaped pets that do not form viable populations (A. VILADO, pers. comm.). For a map see Escoriza & Hassine 2022: Fig. 1 and Türkozan et al. 2023: Fig. 11. Hybridization: Testudo graeca ibera has been reported to produce viable hybrids with Testudo horsfieldii, T. hermanni boettgeri, and T. marginata (KABISCH 2001, STEMMLER-GYGER 1963, 1964, HEIMANN 1986, MERTENS 1968, Rogner 2013). Taxonomy: Testudo buxtoni has been considered as valid species by PIEH et al. (2002). Oğuz et al. (2010) found that “antakyensis”, “anamurensis”, and “terrestris”) are not Tortoise populations from northern and southern Turkey, which may correspond to the ibera and terrestris mt clades, also appear to be morphometrically distinct. Türkozan et al. (2010) found that “antakyensis”, “anamurensis”, and “terrestris” are not morphometrically distinct, but “armeniaca” and “perses” are. Synonymy: IVERSON 1992 and SCHLEICH et al. 1996 don’t accept T. nabeulensis, which might be a subspecies or variant of Testudo graeca. Testudo dagestanica has been tentatively placed in the synonymy of T. graeca (PP van Dijk, pers. comm. 18 July 2012). Subspecies: after TTWG 2014. According to Kuyl et al. (2002) only 4 subspecies are recognized: T. g. graeca of North Africa; T. g. ibera of the Balkans, Greece, Turkey, Iran, and Russia; and T. g. terrestris of Libya, Israel, Egypt, and Syria. Little is known about the fourth subspecies, T. g. zarudnyi, which is restricted to the Central Iranian Plateau and Afghanistan. A morphological study suggested that the first three subspecies should be elevated to full species level (Gmira, 1993). More recent genetic analyses by Kuyl et al. (2005) indicated that only 2 subspecies are clearly distinguishable, T. g. graeca and T. g. ibera. The variety “Golden Greek” is actually Testudo graeca terrestris FORSKÅL 1775. Note that the paper by KUYL et al. (2002) was later criticized by PERÄLÄ (2004). Type species: Testudo graeca LINNAEUS 1758: 198 is the type species of the genus Testudo LINNAEUS 1758.
Etymology	T. graeca has been named after its distribution in Greece (”graeca”). However, it has been also suggested that the species has been named after its markings which resemble Greek letters (Y.L. Werner, pers. comm., 5 Jan 2015). T. g. lamberti has been named after Michael Lambert (1941-2004), British zoologist and herpetologist. See obituary in Hailey (2005). The genus is named after Latin testūdō,-inis (feminine) = tortoise
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Testudo buxtoni Boulenger, 1920 - holotyyppi. [The holotype of Testudo buxtoni Boulenger, 1920]. Herpetomania 10 (3-4):12-15. Perälä, Jarmo 2004. TORTOISE SYSTEMATICS: A CRITIQUE OF A RECENT PAPER BY VAN DER KUYL ET AL. (2002). The Herpetological Journal 14: 51-53 - get paper here Perälä,J. 1996. [Turtles of southern Turkey. Morphological and ecological differences (Testudo ibera Pallas 1841 & Testudo ibera anamurensis Weissinger 1987) and the description of a new turtle species] (in Finnish). Herpetokongressi I, Helsinki, Appendix: 14-26 Petrov B. P., N. Tzankov, H. Strijbosch, G. Popgeorgiev, V. Beshkov 2006. The herpetofauna (Amphibia and Reptilia) of the Western Rhodopes mountain (Bulgaria and Greece). In: Beron P. (ed.). Biodiversity of Bulgaria. 3. Biodiversity of Western Rhodopes (Bulgaria and Greece) I. Pensoft & Nat. Mus. Natur. Hist., Sofia, pp. 863-912 Pieau C. 1998. Temperature-dependent sex determination in Emys orbicularis: laboratory and field studies. Mertensiella 10: 199-207 Pieh, A. 2000. Arten und Unterarten der Landschildkröten des Mittelmeergebietes. Draco 1 (2): 4-17 - get paper here Pieh, A. 2000. Testudo graeca soussensis, eine neue Unterart der Maurischen Landschildkröte aus dem Sousstal (Südwest-Marokko). Salamandra 36 (4): 209-222 - get paper here Pieh, A. & Perälä, J. 2004. Variabilität der Maurischen Landschildkröten (Testudo graeca LINNAEUS, 1758- Komplex) im zentralen and und nordwestlichen Marokko mit Beschreibung zweier neuer taxa. Herpetozoa 17 (1-2): 19-47 - get paper here Pieh, A. & Philippen, H.D. 2007. Mediterrane Landschildkröten. Draco 8 (32): 4-34 - get paper here Pieh, A., U. Fritz & R. Berglas 2002. New data on morphology, distribution and nomenclature of Testudo graeca armeniaca Chkhikvadze & Bakradze, 1991. Faun.Abh. Mus. Tierkde. Dresden 22 (21): 329-345 - get paper here Pieh, A.; Taskavak, E.; Reimann, M. 2002. Remarks on the variability of the spur-thighed tortoise (Testudo graeca) in Turkey. Chelonii 3:67-71. Pieh, Alexander and Jarmo Perälä 2001. Eine ungewöhnliche Landschildkröte des Testudo graeca - Komplexes aus Krasnowodsk (Turkmenien) (Testudines: Testudinidae). Herpetozoa 14 (1/2):65-73. - get paper here Pieh, Alexander and Jarmo Perälä 2002. Addenda/Corrigenda: Eine ungewöhnliche Landschildkröte des Testudo graeca - Komplexes aus Krasnowodsk (Turkmenien). Herpetozoa 14(1/2):65-73. Herpetozoa 14 (3/4):173. - get paper here Pieh, Alexander and Jarmo Perälä 2002. Variabilität von Testudo graeca Linnaeus, 1758 im östlichen Nordafrika mit Beschreibung eines neuen Taxons von Cyrenaika (Nordostibyen) [Variation among Testudo graeca Linnaeus, 1758 in eastern North Africa, with a description of a new taxon from Cyr Herpetozoa 15 (1/2):3-28 - get paper here Pinya, Samuel and Miguel A. Carretero. 2011. The Balearic herpetofauna: a species update and review on the evidence. Acta Herpetologica 6 (1): 59-80 - get paper here Plaitano, Annalisa & Marco A. L. Zuffi 2007. Similarities and differences in adult tortoises: a morphological approach and its implication for reproduction and mobility between species. Acta Herpetologica 2 (2): 79-86 Pola, L., Hejduk, V., Winkelhöfer, T., Zíka, A., Baker, M. A. A., & Amr, Z. S. 2020. Recent Observations on Amphibians and Reptiles in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Jordan Journal of Natural History, 7: 11-29 - get paper here RALEV, A. & POPOVIC, M. & RUŽIC, M. & SHURULINKOV, P. & DASKALOVA, G. & SPASOV, L. & CRNOBRNJA-ISAILOVIC, J. 2012. A new record of Testudo graeca ibera PALLAS, 1814, in southern Serbia [Short Note]. Herpetozoa 25 (3/4): 151-153 - get paper here RASTEGAR-POUYANI, NASRULLAH; HAJI GHOLI KAMI, MEHDI RAJABZADEH, SOHEILA SHAFIEI AND STEVEN CLEMENT ANDERSON 2008. Annotated Checklist of Amphibians and Reptiles of Iran. Iranian Journal of Animal Biosystematics 4 (1): 7-30 Rezazadeh, Elham; Ramin Mohammadi Alucheh and Haji Gholi Kami. 2014. A preliminary study on the Mediterranean spur-thighed tortoise Testudo graeca Linnaeus, 1758 from northwestern Iran. Herpetology Notes 7: 127-133 - get paper here Rodríguez-Caro, Roberto; Eva Graciá, Renata Morais Dos Santos, José D. Anadón, Andrés Gimenez 2015. One scute ring per year in Testudo graeca? A novel method to identify ring deposition patterns in tortoises. Acta Herpetologica 10 (2): 77-84 - get paper here Rogner, M. 2006. Die tunesische Landschildkröte. Terraria 1 (1): 54-58 Rogner, M. 2013. Eine verhängnisvolle Affäre. Reptilia (Münster) 18 (102): 44-47 - get paper here Sacchi, Roberto; Daniele Pellitteri-Rosa, Manuela Marchesi, Paolo Galeotti, and Mauro Fasola 2013. A Comparison among Sexual Signals in Courtship of European Tortoises. Journal of Herpetology Jun 2013, Vol. 47, No. 2: 215-221. - get paper here Salvi, Daniele; Pierluigi Bombi 2010. Reptiles of Sardinia: updating the knowledge on their distribution. Acta Herpetologica 5 (2): 161-178 - get paper here Schleich, H.H. 1987. Contributions to the herpetology of Kouf National Park (NE-Libya) and adjacent areas. Spixiana 10 (1): 37-80. - get paper here Schleich, H.H., Kästle,W., Kabisch, K. 1996. Amphibians and Reptiles of North Africa. Koeltz, Koenigstein, 627 pp. Schlüter, A. & Hallermann, J. 1997. The Type Specimens in the Herpetological Collection of the Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde in Stuttgart. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturk. Ser. A (553): 1-15 - get paper here Schlüter, U. 2005. Die Herpetofauna des Comorova-Waldes in Rumänien. Elaphe 13 (1): 57-62 Schlüter, U. 2005. Die Herpetofauna der bulgarischen Schwarzmeerküste - Teil 1: Naturraum und Schildkröten. Elaphe 13 (3): 48-56 Schlüter, U. 2009. Sousstal-Landschildkröte (Testudo graeca soussensis) im natürlichen Habitat. Reptilia (Münster) 14 (78): 74-78 - get paper here Schmidt,K.P. 1939. Reptiles and amphibians from Southwestern Asia. Publ. Field Mus. nat. Hist., zool. 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The Taxonomy and Ecology of Mauremys caspica rivulata Valenciennes, 1833 (Testudinata: Bataguridae) and Testudo graeca ibera Pallas, 1811 (Testudinata: Testudinidae) on Resadiye (Datça) Peninsula. Tr. J. Zool. 23 (1): 17-21 Tomovic, L., R. Ajtiv and S. Antic 2004. Records of Testudo graeca ibera Pallas, 1814 in Serbia and Montenegro. Herpetozoa 17 (3/4):189-191 - get paper here Trapp, B. 2007. Reptilien und Amphibien des griechischen Festlandes. Natur und Tier Verlag (Münster), 300 pp. - get paper here Trommer, W. 2009. Die Iberische Landschildkröte Testudo graeca ibera. Natur und Tier Verlag, Münster, 64 pp. - get paper here Trommer, Wenke. 2013. Haltung der Maurischen Landschildkröte, Testudo graeca ibera. Schildkröten im Fokus 10 (1): 3-18 Trutnau, L. 1975. Europäische Amphibien und Reptilien. Belser Verlag, Stuttgart 212 pp. TTWG; Anders G.J. Rhodin, John B. iverson, Roger Bour, Uwe Fritz, Arthur GeoRges, H. BRadley Shaffer, and Peter Paul van Dijk 2017. 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Резюме - get paper here Tuniyev, B. S. 1995. On the Mediterranean influence on the formation of herpetofauna of Caucasian Isthmus and its main xerophylous refugia. Russ. J. Herpetol. 2 (2): 95-119 - get paper here Tuniyev, B.S. 1990. On the Independence of the Colchis Center of Amphibian and Reptile Speciation. Asiatic Herpetological Research 3: 67-84 - get paper here Türkozan, O. and K. Olgun. 2005. A Preliminary Survey of Testudo graeca Linnaeus 1758 Specimens from Central Anatolia, Turkey. Turk J Zool 29: 255-262 Türkozan, O.; Kumlutas, Y.; Arikan, H.; Ilgaz, C.; Avci, A. 2003. Morphological and serological comparison of Mediterranean spur-thighed Tortoises, Testudo graeca Linnaeus, 1758 from the Aegean region and south-eastern Turkey. Zoology in the Middle East 29:41-50 - get paper here Turkozan, O.; Kumlutas, Y.; Durmus, H. 2004. Comparative morphology of three populations of Testudo graeca Linnaeus, 1758 from the Western Taurus Mountains, Turkey. Russ. J. Herpetol. 11(1):12-20. - get paper here Türkozan, O; Olgun, K. Taskavak, E & Kiremit, F. 2004. On the occurence of the Zagros Mountain tortoise, Testudo perses PERÄLÄ 2002 in Turkey. Russ. J. Herpetol. 11 (2): 150-152 - get paper here Türkozan, Oğuz; Adem Özdemir, and Ferhat Kiremit 2008. International Testudo Trade. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 7(2): 269 - get paper here Turkozan, Oguz; Ferhat Kiremit, Brian R. Lavin, Fevzi Bardakcı & James F. Parham 2018. Morphological and mitochondrial variation of spur-thighed tortoises, Testudo graeca, in Turkey. The Herpetological Journal 28 (1): 1-9 - get paper here Türkozan, Oğuz; Ferhat Kiremit, Ertan Taşkavak, Kurtuluş Olgun 2005. Status, distribution, and population structure of land tortoises in European Thrace and northwestern Anatolia. Russ. J. Herpetol. 12 (3): 187-194. - get paper here Türkozan, Oğuz; Kiremit, Ferhat; Parham, James F.; Olgun, Kurtuluş; Taşkavak, Ertan 2010. 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Testudo graeca anamurensis ssp. nov. aus Kleinasien. ÖGH-Nachr., Wien 10/11:14-18 Weissinger, H. 2000. Translation: Testudo graeca anamurensis ssp. nov. from Asia Minor. Asiatic Herpetological Research 9: 145-148 - get paper here Wermuth, H. 1958. Status und Nomenklatur der Maurischen Landschildkröte, Testudo graeca, in SW-Asien und NO-Afrika. Senckenbergiana Biologica 39: 149-153. Werner Y L 1985. Spur-thighed tortoise (Testudo graeca) withou thigh spurs. Werner, F. 1899. Beiträge zur Herpetologie der pacifischen Inselwelt und von Kleinasien. I. Bemerkungen über einige Reptilien aus Neu-Guinea und Polynesien. II. Über einige Reptilien und Batrachier aus Kleinasien. Zool. Anz. 22: 371-375, 375-378 - get paper here Werner, Y.L. 2009. How not to write in defense of threatened tortoises. Journal of Threatened Taxa 1 (9): 471-473 - get paper here Werner, Yehudah L.;Nuphar Korolker, Guy Sion andBayram Göçmen 2015. 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External links	IUCN Red List National Center for Biotechnology Information http://home.earthlink.net/~rednine/gallery1.htm http://www.lacerta.de/AS/Taxon.php?Genus=49&Species=233 http://home.earthlink.net/~rednine/gallery3.htm http://www.tortoisetrust.org/articles/newfloweri.html http://www.kundert.ch/schildkroete/kurzportrait.htm http://www.tortoise.org/archives/tgraeca.html http://www.landschildkroeten.com/index1.htm http://www.nabeulensis.de/ http://www.seh-herpetology.org/images/atlas/pdf/squamata/tesgra.pdf http://www.seh-herpetology.org/sites/seh-herpetology.org/files/uploads… http://www.vertebradosibericos.org/reptiles/tesgra.html http://zoobank.org/F099498E-DD43-4080-977F-FD68FA143EBC Google images

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