Vipera transcaucasiana BOULENGER, 1913

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Higher Taxa	Viperidae, Viperinae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies
Common Names
Synonym	Vipera ammodytes transcaucasiana BOULENGER 1913 Coluber ammodytes LINNAEUS 1758 Vipera ammodytes LINNAEUS 1766 Vipera (Rhinaspis) transcaucasiana — OBST 1983 Vipera pontica BILLING, NILSON & SATTLER 1990 (part.) Vipera ammodytes transcaucasiana — BILLING et al. 1990 Vipera ammodytes transcaucasiana — ENGELMANN et al 1993 Vipera ammodytes transcaucasiana — WELCH 1994: 119 Vipera ammodytes transcaucasiana — KUTRUP 1999 Vipera transcaucasiana — NILSON et al. 1999 Vipera ammodytes — MCDIARMID, CAMPBELL & TOURÉ 1999: 391 Vipera transcaucasiana — KUCHARZEWSKI 2011 Vipera ammodytes transcaucasiana — GÖÇMEN et al. 2014 Vipera ammodytes transcaucasiana — MULDER 2017
Distribution	Republic of Georgia, NW Azerbaijan, N Turkey Type locality: "Borzom, in the district Gori, Prov.Tiflis” [Borzom, Republic of Georgia].
Reproduction	ovovivparous
Types	Syntype: BMNH 1913.10.30.1. and probably two in the Tiflis Museum.
Diagnosis
Comment	Venomous! Synonymy: Vipera ammodytes transcaucasiana is considered as species by several authors (like JOGER, pers. comm., Nilson et al. 1999), but not by others (e.g. BARAN 1998, DAVID et al. 1999, GÖÇMEN et al. 2014, WALLACH et al. 2014: 786). V. pontica is a hybrid between sympatric V. kaznakovi and V. transcaucasiana (see V. kaznakovi). Distribution: not in the Middle East (Iran) fide IUCN assessment.
References	Billing H; Nilson G; Sattler U 1990. Vipera pontica sp. n., a new viper species in the kaznakovi group (Reptilia, Viperidae) from northeastern Turkey and adjacent Transcaucasia. Zoologica Scripta 19 (2): 227-231 - get paper here Boulenger, G. A. 1913. On the geographical races of Vipera ammodytes. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 11: 283-287 - get paper here ÇAKMAK, Mücahit; Bahadır AKMAN and Mehmet Zülfü YILDIZ 2018. HERPETOFAUNA OF BARTIN PROVINCE (NORTHWEST BLACKSEA REGION, TURKEY). South Western Journal of Horticulture, Biology and Environment P-Issn: 2067- 9874, E-Issn: 2068-7958<br />Vol.8, No.2, 2017 pp.89-102 - get paper here Dunaev E.A., Orlova V.F. 2003. Diversity of snakes (on the materials of the exposition of the Zoological Museum of the Moscow State University). Moscow: Moscow State University Press, 376 pp Engelmann, W.E. et al. 1993. Lurche und Kriechtiere Europas. Neumann Verlag (Radebeul, Germany), 440 pp. Kabisch, Klaus 2013. Legende oder Wahrheit? Giftschlangen – eine biologische Waffe Hannibals Sekretär 13 (1): - get paper here KUCHARZEWSKI, C 2011. OLD WORLD VIPERS. A natural history of the Azemiopinae and Viperinae von Tony PHELPS – Anmerkungen, Ergänzungen, Korrekturen. Sauria 33 (3): 19-42 - get paper here Kutrup, B. 1999. The Morphology of Vipera ammodytes transcaucasiana (Reptilia, Viperidae) Specimens Collected from Murgul (Artvin, Turkey). Tr. J. of Zoology 23: 433–438 Linnaeus, C. [= Linné, C. von] 1758. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiæ. 10th Edition: 824 pp. - get paper here McDiarmid, R.W.; Campbell, J.A. & Touré,T.A. 1999. Snake species of the world. Vol. 1. [type catalogue] Herpetologists’ League, 511 pp. Mebert, Konrad; Nasit Igci, Bayram Göçmen & Sylvain Ursenbacher 2014. Vipern der Nordost-Türkei: Genfluss und Umweltfaktoren zwischen den Taxa des Vipera-barani-kaznakovi-darevskii-Komplexes. Terraria-Elaphe 2014 (5): 58-67 - get paper here Mulder, John 2017. A review of the distribution of Vipera ammodytes transcaucasiana Boulenger, 1913 (Serpentes: Viperidae) in Turkey. Biharean Biologist 2017: e161305 - get paper here Nilson, G., Andren, C., & Flärdh, B. 1988. Die Vipern der Türkei. Salamandra 24 (4): 215-247 - get paper here Nilson,G.; TUNIYEV,B.; ANDRÉN,C. & ORLOV,N. 1999. Vipers of Caucasus: Taxonomic considerations. Kaupia (Darmstadt) (8): 103-106 Obst, F.J. 1983. Zur Kenntnis der Schlangengattung Vipera. Zool. Abh. staatl. Mus. Tierkunde Dresden 38: 229-235 Phelps, T. 2010. Old World Vipers. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt, 558 pp. [critical review in Sauria 33 (3): 19 and HR 43: 503] Tok, C. V. & Y. Kumlutaş 1996. On Vipera ammodytes transcaucasiana (Viperidae) from Perşembe, Black Sea region of Turkey. Zoology in the Middle East 13: 47 - get paper here Tuniyev B.S., Tuniyev S.B., Avcı A., Ilgaz Ç. 2014. Herpetological studies in Eastern and North-Eastern Turkey. Current Studies in Herpetology 14 (1/2): 44–53. Резюме - get paper here Tuniyev, B.S.; N.L. Orlov, N.B. Ananjeva and A.L. Aghasyan 2019. Snakes of the Caucasus: taxonomic diversity, distribution, conservation. St. Petersburg, Moscow. KMK Scientific Press. 2019. 276 pp. - get paper here Weima, André 2007. Pictures: Vipera transcaucasiana en Agkistrodon contortrix. Litteratura Serpentium 27 (2): 74 - get paper here Weima, André 2008. Picture: Vipera transcaucasiana. Litteratura Serpentium 28 (1): 63 - get paper here Weima, André 2009. Pictures: Vipera transcaucasiana. Litteratura Serpentium 29 (1): 17 - get paper here
External links	IUCN Red List National Center for Biotechnology Information http://www.kingsnake.com/viperidae/images/photos.htm http://www.wildherps.com/species/E.tigrinus.html Google images

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