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Xenosaurus penai PÉREZ-RAMOS, DE LA RIVA & CAMPBELL, 2000

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Higher TaxaXenosauridae, Diploglossa, Anguimorpha, Sauria, Squamata (lizards)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Pena's Knob-scaled Lizard
S: Xenosauro de Peña 
SynonymXenosaurus penai PÉREZ RAMOS, DE LA RIVA & CAMPBELL 2000: 501
Xenosaurus penai — LINER & CASAS-ANDREU 2008
Xenosaurus penai — JOHNSON et al. 2017
Xenosaurus penai — NIETO-MONTES DE OCA et al. 2022 
DistributionMexico (Guerrero)

Type locality: Cerro Yucuchinio, 1 km NW Cerro Pico del Aguila, 1735 m, southeastern Guerrero, México. Corrected to 16° 59 'N, 98° 19' W by PALACIOS-AGUILAR 2020.  
Reproductionovoviviparous 
TypesHolotype: CNAR (= UNAM = IBH) 6414, Instituto de Biologia, adult male 
DiagnosisDiagnosis: A species of Xenosaurus differing from all congeners, except X. rectocollaris, in having the posterior border of the nuchal collar extending transversely across the middle of the neck; in other species, the nape blotch extends posteriorly forming a V-shape, reaching to or past the level of the axilla. The dark dorsal bands in this species are fragmented into a conspicuous mottled pattern. The venter differs from that of X. platyceps, X. newnmanorum, and X. rectocollaris in having transverse series of dark scales extending almost to the midline. The supraorbital semicircles are separated by two scales (see variation in Table 1), whereas in other species the supraorbital semicircles are in broad contact (X. newmanorum) or only narrowly separated by a single scale, if at all (X. platyceps, X. grandis, X. rectocollaris).
This species differs from all the other species, except some populations of X. grandis occurring on the Atlantic versant, in that the dorsal tubercles are widely scattered and are separated from each other by a distance of 2-4 times their diameter. The dorsal tubercles of X. penai are low and flattened, in contrast to other species in which the tubercles are conical and protuberant. The number of transverse rows on the belly is 33 whereas all other populations vary from 18-29.
Xenosaurus penai conspicuously differs from X. g. agrenon, the geographically most proximate congeneric populations, in having a divided (versus single) postrostral, in having five (versus three) internasals, and in having the infralabials and sublabials in contact (versus separated) posteriorly. (Pérez Ramos et al. 2000)


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CommentDistribution: see maps in WOOLRICH-PIÑA & SMITH 2012 and Nieto-Montes de Oca et al. 2022: 48 (Fig. 6).

Abundance: only known from its original description (Meiri et al. 2017). 
References
  • Beolens, Bo; Michael Watkins, and Michael Grayson 2011. The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, USA - get paper here
  • Johnson, J. D., L. D. Wilson, V. Mata-Silva, E. García-Padilla, and D. L. DeSantis. 2017. The endemic herpetofauna of Mexico: organisms of global significance in severe peril. Mesoamerican Herpetology 4 (3): 544–620 - get paper here
  • Meiri, Shai; Aaron M. Bauer, Allen Allison, Fernando Castro-Herrera, Laurent Chirio, Guarino Colli, Indraneil Das, Tiffany M. Doan, Frank Glaw, Lee L. Grismer, Marinus Hoogmoed, Fred Kraus, Matthew LeBreton, Danny Meirte, Zoltán T. Nagy, Cristiano d 2017. Extinct, obscure or imaginary: the lizard species with the smallest ranges. Diversity and Distributions 24 (2): 262-273 - get paper here
  • Nieto-Montes DE OCA, A., J. A. CAMPBELL & O. FLORES-VILLELA 2001. A new species of Xenosaurus (Squamata: Xenosauridae) from the Sierra Madre del Sur of Oaxaca, Mexico. Herpetologica 57 (1): 32-47 - get paper here
  • Nieto-Montes de Oca, Adrián; Anthony J. Barley, Rubi N. Meza-Lázaro, Uri O. García-Vázquez, Joan G. Zamora-Abrego, Robert C. Thomson, Adam D. Leaché 2016. Phylogenomics and species delimitation in the knob-scaled lizards of the genus Xenosaurus (Squamata: Xenosauridae) using ddRADseq data reveal a substantial underestimation of diversity. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 106: 241-253 - get paper here
  • Nieto-Montes de Oca, Adrián; Nicté Castresana-Villanueva, Luis Canseco-Márquez & Jonathan A. Campbell 2022. A New Species of Xenosaurus (Squamata: Xenosauridae) from the Sierra de Juárez of Oaxaca, Mexico Herpetologica 78(1): 40–50. - get paper here
  • Nieto-Montes de Oca, Adrián; Uri O. García-Vázquez, J. Jaime Zúñiga-Vega and Walter Schmidt-Ballardo 2013. A new species of Xenosaurus (Squamata: Xenosauridae) from the Sierra Gorda Biosphere Reserve of Querétaro, Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 84: 485-498 - get paper here
  • Palacios-Aguilar, Ricardo 2020. UNA LISTA COMENTADA DE LAS ESPECIES DE ANFIBIOS Y REPTILES CON LOCALIDAD TIPO EN GUERRERO, MÉXICO. Rev. Latinoamer. Herp. 3 (2): 43-60
  • Palacios-Aguilar, Ricardo & OSCAR FLORES-VILLELA 2018. An updated checklist of the herpetofauna from Guerrero, Mexico. Zootaxa 4422 (1): 1-24 - get paper here
  • Pérez Ramos, Edmundo; Lucia Saldaña de la Riva; Jonathan A. Campbell 2000. A new allopatric species of Xenosaurus (Squamata: Xenosauridae) from Guerrero, Mexico. Herpetologica 56 (4): 500-506 - get paper here
  • Woolrich-Piña, Guillermo A. and Geoffrey R. Smith 2012. A New Species of Xenosaurus from the Sierra Madre Oriental, Mexico. Herpetologica 68 (4): 551-559. - get paper here
 
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