Xerotyphlops vermicularis (MERREM, 1820)

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Higher Taxa	Typhlopidae (Asiatyphlopinae), Typhlopoidea, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies
Common Names	E: Eurasian Blind Snake, Greek Blindsnake G: Blödauge, Europäische Wurmschlange Russian: Червеобразная слепозмейка E: Lorestan Blind Snake, Laki Blind Snake [luristanicus]
Synonym	Anguis lumbricalis DAUDIN 1803: 308 (preoccupied) Typhlops vermicularis MERREM 1820: 158 Typhlops flavescens BIBRON & BORY in BORY 1833 Typhlops vermicularis — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1844: 303 Argyrophis vermicularis — GRAY 1845: 137 Typhlops vermicalis BREHM 1869 (lapsus) Typhlops persicus BLANFORD 1874 Typhlops lumbricalis (not of LINNAEUS) — SCHREIBER 1875 Typhlops vermicularis — BOULENGER 1887: 345 Typhlops vermicularis — BOULENGER 1893: 21 Typhlops vermicularis — MEHELY 1894: 83 Typhlops vermicularis — VENZMER 1919: 121 Typhlops vermicularis — WERNER 1935: 107 Typhlops vermicularis — CHERNOV 1959: 123 Typhlops vermicularis — BUSEKE 1982 Typhlops vermicularis — ENGELMANN et al 1993 Typhlops vermicularis — MCDIARMID, CAMPBELL & TOURÉ 1999: 124 Typhlops vermicularis — GRUBER 2009 Xerotyphlops vermicularis — HEDGES et al. 2014 Typhlops vermicularis — WALLACH et al. 2014: 773 Xerotyphlops luristanicus TORKI 2017 Xerotyphlops vermicularis — SPEYBROECK et al. 2020 Xerotyphlops vermicularis — KORNILIOS et al. 2020 Xerotyphlops vermiculari — RHADI et al. 2021 (in error)
Distribution	Montenegro, Albania, Serbia, North Macedonia, Bulgaria, Greece (incl. Corfu = Corfou, Lesbos, Chios, Samos, Thassos), Turkey, Cyprus, S Russia (Caucasus, Dagestan), Armenia, Azerbaijan, Republic of Georgia, S Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan ?, N Egypt, Iraq, Iran (Isfahan, East Azarbaijan, Markazi, Tehran, Fars, Mazandaran, Kerman, Khuzestan, Gilan, and Lorestan), Type locality: Greece luristanicus: Iran (Lorestan); Type locality: 1,750- 2,100 m elevation, on the western slope of the central Zagros Mountains, Badavar region, Nourabad, Lorestan Province, western Iran, 34°07 ́ N, 47°53 ́ E.
Reproduction	oviparous
Types	Types: Unlocated Holotype: MNHN-RA 2016.0040 (former FTHM 19710), Adult male, collected by Farhang Torki on 29 March 2016, (Fig. 2 in Torki 2017). Paratypes: Five specimens: MNHN-RA 2016.0041-45 (respectively former FTHM 19711-15); 2 adult males: MNHN-RA 2016.0042 and 2016.0045 (respectively former FTHM 19712, 19715); 3 adult females: MNHN-RA 2016.0041, 2016.0043- 44 (respectively former FTHM 19711, 13-14), collected by Farhang Torki on 18 May 2016; same data as for holotype [luristanicus]
Diagnosis	Diagnosis (genus). Species of Xerotyphlops have (1) eye, distinct, (2) snout, rounded, (3) head scale arrangement, non-circular, (4) frontorostral, absent, (5) nasal, incompletely divided, (6) nasal suture origin, supralabial 2, (7) sub- oculars or subpreoculars, absent (rarely present), (8) postoculars, 2 (average, 2.0), (9) preocular-labial contact, su- pralabials 2 & 3, (10) midbody scale rows, 20–24 (average, 23.5), (11) scale row reduction, present, (12) total scale rows, 206–435 (average, 355), (13) caudals, 10–16 (average, 13.0), (14) maximum total length, 220–350 (average, 292) mm, (15) total length/midbody diameter, 37–55 (average, 45.6), (16) total length/tail length, 88, (17) dorsal color, whitish or brown, (18) ventral color, whitish, cream, or brown, (19) dorsum darker than (or same as) venter, (20) overall, either patternless or darker longitudinal lines, (Tables 1–2); molecular phylogenetic support (Fig. 1). From other genera of Asiatyphlopinae, Xerotyphlops has the shortest tail (TL/TA = 87.7 versus 31.1–75.1; averages). It differs from Acutotyphlops in lacking a frontorostral and from Cyclotyphlops in having non-circular head scales (versus circular arrangement). It differs from Grypotyphlops in lacking subocular scales (rarely present). It differs from Cyclotyphlops and Indotyphlops in having more postoculars (2.00 versus 1.0–1.03; averages). It differs from Anilios, Indotyphlops, and Ramphotyphlops in having higher average midbody scale rows (23.5 versus 19.4– 21.7; averages). It differs from Anilios, Grypotyphlops, and Sundatyphlops in having fewer total scale rows (355 ver- sus 466–496; averages) and smaller body size (TL = 292 versus 353–630; averages). It differs from Malayotyphlops in having lower average midbody scales (23.5 versus 26.8; averages). It differs from Asiatyphlops and Cyclotyphlops in having a thinner body (TL/MBD = 45.6 versus 35.1–35.2; averages) [HEDGES et al. 2014]. Unfortunately we had to temporarily remove additional information as this was scraped by multiple AI companies who sell that data to their customers. These details, e.g. detailed descriptions or comparisons (about 926 characters) are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details.
Comment	Synonymy: Kornilios et al. 2020 revalidated X. syriacus but did not provide a diagnosis for the (two) species. Rajabizadeh 2018 synonymized Xerotyphlops luristanicus with X. vermicularis Distribution: Not in Pakistan fide KHAN 2002 (pers. comm.), not in Romania. See SEH atlas for distribution map. Not on Limnos although Kasapidis et al. (1996) reported it from Limnos. Strachinis & Roussos 2016 consider this record as erroneous. See Kornilios et al 2020 for a map of X. vermicularis and what they call X. syriacus. For a map see Sindaco et al. 2013. Type species: Typhlops vermicularis MERREM 1820 is the type species of the genus Xerotyphlops HEDGES, MARION, LIPP, MARIN & VIDAL 2014. This is also the type species of Lenhosertyphlops Hoser 2012: 28 (in which Hoser included vermicularis, etheridgei, and socotranus) Diet: ants and other invertebrates Habitat: X. luristanicus sp. n. was found beneath stones from both the base and top of Chghasalman Mountain (1,750-2,100m a.s.l.). Syntopy (luristanicus): Natrix tessellata, Platyceps najadum, Laudakia nupta, Ophisops elegans, and Trachylepis aurata. Morphology: for morphological data across the species in this genus see Pyron & Wallach 2014: Table 2. Genome: Bein et al. 2025
Etymology	Named after Latin vermis = worm, or vermicul'us, -i, -m = small worm, referring to the body shape of the species. The name “luristanicus” refers to Lorestan province (habitat of new species). (now a synonym) The genus name is a masculine noun formed from the Greek adjective xeros (desert) and Greek noun typhlops (the blind), in reference to the desert region where these species occur. As an alternate meaning, the rarity of species in this large region could be described as a ‘blindsnake desert.’
References	Afroosheh, Mohadeseh, Nasrullah Rastegar-Pouyani and Haji Gholi Kami. 2012. Comments on the distribution and external morphology of Typhlops vermicularis (Ophidia: Typhlopidae) in Iran. Hamadryad 36 (1): 12-16 - get paper here AFROOSHEH, Mohadeseh; Nasrullah RASTEGAR-POUYANI, Seyed Kamran GHOREISHI, Haji Gholi KAMI 2013. Comparison of geographic variations in Typhlops vermicularis (Merrem, 1820) (Ophidia: Typhlopidae) from the Iranian plateau with Turkey and Turkmenistan. Turk J Zool 37: 685-692 - get paper here Aghasyan, A., Avci, A., Tuniyev, B., Crnobrnja-Isailović, J., Lymberakis, P., Andrén, C., Cogalniceanu, D., Wilkinson, J., Ananjeva, N.B., Üzüm, N., Orlov, N.L., Podloucky, R., Tuniyev, S., Kaya, U., Ajtic, R., Tok, V., Ugurtas, I.H., Sevinç, M., Cro 2017. Xerotyphlops vermicularis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T157274A747386 - get paper here Akman, B., Çakmak, M., & Yıldız, M.Z. 2020. 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External links	IUCN Red List National Center for Biotechnology Information http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-zWNxY8cZPQE/TsVepD8y1AI/AAAAAAAAUtQ/oSbtIGW2kd4… http://www.herpetofauna.at/gallery/korfu/pages/typhlops_vermicularis.htm http://www.herpetofauna.at/gallery/korfu/pages/typhlops_vermicularis_02.htm http://www.seh-herpetology.org/images/atlas/pdf/ophidia/typver.pdf http://www.seh-herpetology.org/sites/seh-herpetology.org/files/uploads… Google images

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