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Hoplocercus spinosus FITZINGER, 1843

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Higher TaxaHoplocercidae, Iguania, Sauria, Squamata (lizards)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Spiny Weapontail
S: lagartijas de cola armorizada espinosas
Portuguese: Jacarezinho-da-Chapada, Jacarezinho-do-Cerrado, Lagarto-Espinhoso, Lagarto-de-Cauda-Espinhosa, Lagarto-de-Cauda-Espinhuda, Lagarto-Rabo-de-Abacaxi, Lagarto-Roseta, Pitoco, Rabo-de-Roseta 
SynonymHoplocercus spinosus FITZINGER 1843: 78
Pachycercus aculeatus DUGÉS & BRACONNIER in DUMÉRIL 1854: 29
Hoplocercus spinosus — BOULENGER 1885: 199
Hoplocercus spinosus — PETERS & DONOSO-BARROS 1970: 148
Hoplocercus spinosus — DIRKSEN & DE LA RIVA 1999
Hoplocercus spinosus — PIANKA & VITT 2003: 168
Hoplocercus spinosus — TORRES-CARVAJAL et al. 2011
Hoplocercus spinosus — TORRES-CARVAJAL et al. 2023 
DistributionBrazil (Mato Grosso, Goias, S Para, Piauí), Bolivia (Santa Cruz)

Type locality: America and Brazil.  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesSyntypes: unlocated
Holotype: unlocated, formerly MNHN [Pachycercus aculeatus] 
DiagnosisDiagnosis (genus and species): A depressed, short tail (tail length < snout-vent length), with enlarged spiny scales dorsally and lat- erally is unique to Hoplocercus among hoplocercines. Moreover, Hoplocercus differs from Enyalioides and Morunasaurus (character states in parentheses) in having the anterior opening of the Vidian canal on the ventral surface of the parabasisphenoid (anterior surface of the parabasisphenoid [dorsum sella] lateral to the sella turcica; Wiens & Etheridge 2003); a non-autotomic tail (autotomic; Etheridge 1967); slender and rounded sacral diapophy- ses (robust and flattened; Wiens & Etheridge 2003); and transverse processes of caudal vertebrae increasing in length from first to fourth caudal vertebra (decreasing in length throughout column; Wiens & Etheridge 2003). Hoplocercus can be further distinguished from Morunasaurus by having a parietal eye (Etheridge and de Queiroz (in Estes & Pregill, 1988), TORRES-CARVAJAL & DE QUEIROZ 2011] 
CommentType species: Hoplocercus spinosus FITZINGER 1843 is the type species of the genus Hoplocercus FITZINGER 1843.

Type genus: Hoplocercus is als the type genus of the (sub-) family Hoplocercinae ALIFANOV 1996.

Phylogenetics: see Torres-Carvajal et al. 2023 for a phylogenetic analysis of the (sub-) family. 
EtymologyNamed after the spiny tail.

The genus was named after hoplon (Greek) = armor, shield, kerkos (Greek) = tail. 
References
  • Avila-Pires, T.C.S. 1995. Lizards of Brazilian Amazonia (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoologische Verhandelingen 299: 1-706 - get paper here
  • Boulenger, G.A. 1885. Catalogue of the lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. 2, Second edition. London, xiii+497 pp. - get paper here
  • Bour, Roger & Édouard-Raoul Brygoo 2013. Séraphin Braconnier (1812-1884), le premier «garçon de laboratoire» de la chaire des Reptiles et Poissons du Muséum de Paris. Bull. Soc. Herp. France 148: 503-513
  • Ceriaco, Luis M. P. 2014. Some historical notes about the possible precedence of "Lacerta xiphidiura" Carvalho, 1836, as the first identification of the Brazilian Spiny-tailed Lizard Hoplocercus spinosus Fitzinger, 1843, and general remarks on early nineteenth century Portugu Bibliotheca Herpetologica 11 (1-2): 42-55 - get paper here
  • Dirksen, L. & De la Riva, I. 1999. The lizards and amphisbaenians of Bolivia (Reptilia, Squamata): checklist, localities, and bibliography. Graellsia 55: 199-215 - get paper here
  • Estes, Richard & Pregill, Gregory, eds. 1988. Phylogenetic relationships of the Lizard Families: Esays Commemorating Charles L. Camp. Stanford University Press, xvi + 632 pp.
  • Fitzinger, L. 1843. Systema Reptilium, fasciculus primus, Amblyglossae. Braumüller et Seidel, Wien: 106 pp. - get paper here
  • Gonzalez R. C. et al. 2020. Lista dos Nomes Populares dos Répteis no Brasil – Primeira Versão. Herpetologia Brasileira 9 (2): 121 – 214 - get paper here
  • Guerra, V., Ramalho, W. P., Machado, I. F., & Brandão, R. A. 2022. Herpetofauna of the Serra do Tombador Nature Reserve, State of Goiás, Central Brazil. Arquivos de Zoologia, 53(3), 33-51 - get paper here
  • Harvey, M. B. 1995. A preliminary list of the reptiles and amphibians of the El Refugio biological reserve. In: Forsyth, A. (ed.), A report on aspects of biodiversiy and conservation potential in El Refugio. Conservation International, Washington. Pp. 21-26.
  • Madella-Auricchio, Cláudia Renata; Paulo Auricchio Enio Saraiva Soares 2017. Reptile species composition in the Middle Gurguéia and comparison with inventories in the eastern Parnaíba River Basin, State of Piauí, Brazil. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 57(28): 375-386, - get paper here
  • Peters, James A. & Donoso-Barros, Roberto 1970. Catalogue of the Neotropical Squamata: Part II. Lizards and Amphisbaenians. Bull. US Natl. Mus. 297: 293 pp. - get paper here
  • Pianka, E.R. & Vitt, L.J. 2003. Lizards - Windows to the Evolution of Diversity. University of California Press, Berkeley, 347 pp. [review in Copeia 2004: 955] - get paper here
  • RECODER, R.S.,TEIXEIRA JUNIOR, M., CAMACHO, A., NUNES, P.M.S., MOTT, T., VALDUJO, P.H., GHELLERE, J.M., NOGUEIRA, C. & RODRIGUES, M.T. 2011. Reptiles of Serra Geral do Tocantins Ecological Station, Central Brazil. Biota Neotrop. 11(1): - get paper here
  • RIBEIRO-JÚNIOR, MARCO A. 2015. Catalogue of distribution of lizards (Reptilia: Squamata) from the Brazilian Amazonia. I. Dactyloidae, Hoplocercidae, Iguanidae, Leiosauridae, Polychrotidae, Tropiduridae. Zootaxa 3983 (1): 001–110 - get paper here
  • Ribeiro-Júnior, Marco A. & Silvana Amaral 2016. Diversity, distribution, and conservation of lizards (Reptilia: Squamata) in the Brazilian Amazonia. Neotropical Biodiversity, 2:1, 195-421 - get paper here
  • Scrocchi, G. & L. GONZÁLES 1996. Kentropyx calcarata (NCN). Behavior. Herpetological Review 27 (4): 201. - get paper here
  • Sick, H. 1951. Beobachtungen an dem Stachelschwanz-leguan, Hoplocercus spinosus. Natur. U. Volk 81: 30-35
  • Siebenrock, Friedrich 1892. Ueber Wirbelassimilation bei den Sauriern. Annalen des Königlichen Kaiserlichen Naturhistorischen Hofmuseum in Wien 7: 373-378 - get paper here
  • Torres-Carvajal, Omar; Fernanda P. Werneck, Igor Yuri Fernandes & Kevin de Queiroz 2023. Spiny tails and Clades: A Fully Sampled phylogeny of hoplocercine lizards (Iguanidae/ Hoplocercinae) and its taxonomic and nomenclatural Implications. Bull. Phylogenet. Nom. 001 (1): 00–02 - get paper here
  • Torres-Carvajal, Omar; RICHARD ETHERIDGE & KEVIN DE QUEIROZ 2011. A systematic revision of Neotropical lizards in the clade Hoplocercinae (Squamata: Iguania). Zootaxa 2752: 1–44 - get paper here
  • Uchôa LR, Delfim FR, Mesquita DO, Colli GR, Garda AA, Guedes TB 2022. Lizards (Reptilia: Squamata) from the Caatinga, northeastern Brazil: Detailed and updated overview. Vertebrate Zoology 72: 599-659 - get paper here
  • Vechio, Francisco Dal; Mauro Teixeira Jr., Renato Sousa Recoder, Miguel Trefault Rodrigues & Hussam Zaher 2016. The herpetofauna of Parque Nacional da Serra das Confusões, state of Piauí, Brazil, with a regional species list from an ecotonal area of Cerrado and Caatinga. Biota Neotropica 16(3): e20150105 - get paper here
  • Vechio, Francisco dal; Renato Recoder; Miguel Trefaut Rodrigues; Hussam Zaher 2013. The herpetofauna of the estação ecológica de uruçuí-una, state of Piauí, Brazil. Pap. Avulsos Zool. 53(16): 225‐243 - get paper here
  • Vitt, L. J.; Caldwell, J. P.; Colli, G. R.; Garda, A. A.; Mesquita, D. O.; França, F. G. R. e Balbino, S. F. 2002. Um guia fotográfico dos répteis e anfíbios da região do Jalapão no Cerrado brasileiro. Norman, Oklahoma: Special Publications in Herpetology. San Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History
  • Wiens, John J. and Richard E. Etheridge 2003. Phylogenetic relationships of Hoplocercid lizards: coding and combining meristic, morphometric, and polymorphic data using step matrices. Herpetologica 59 (3): 375-398 - get paper here
 
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