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Iguana iguana (LINNAEUS, 1758)

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Higher TaxaIguanidae, Iguania, Sauria, Squamata (lizards)
SubspeciesIguana iguana iguana (LINNAEUS 1758)
Iguana iguana insularis BREUIL, VUILLAUME, SCHIKORSKI, KRAUSS, MORTON, HAYNES, DALTRY, CORRY, GAYMES, GAYMES, BECH, JELIĆ & GRANDJEAN 2019
Iguana iguana melanoderma BREUIL, SCHIKORSKI, VUILLAUME, KRAUSS, MORTON, CORRY, BECH, JELIĆ & GRANDJEAN 2020
Iguana iguana sanctaluciae BREUIL, VUILLAUME, SCHIKORSKI, KRAUSS, MORTON, HAYNES, DALTRY, CORRY, GAYMES, GAYMES, BECH, JELIĆ & GRANDJEAN 2019 
Common NamesE: Common Green Iguana
G: Grüner Leguan
E: Grenadines horned iguana, pink rhino iguana [insularis]
E: Saint Lucia horned iguana [sanctaluciae]
S: Iguana de Ribera
Portuguese: Camaleão, Iguana, Iguana-Verde, Sinimbu, Tejubú, Tijubú 
SynonymLacerta Igvana LINNAEUS 1758: 206
Iguana minima LAURENTI 1768
Iguana tuberculata LAURENTI 1768
Lacerta Iguana — SHAW & NODDER 1795: plate 227
Iguana coerulea DAUDIN 1802
Iguana vulgaris LINK 1807: 58
Iguana sapidissima MERREM 1820
Iguana sapidissima — WIED 1824
Iguana squamosa SPIX 1825
Iguana viridis SPIX 1825
Iguana coerulea SPIX (non DAUDIN) 1825
Iguana emarginata SPIX 1825
Iguana lophryoides SPIX 1825
Iguana lophyroides SPIX 1825 (fide FRANZEN & GLAW 2007: 225)
Prionodus iguana — WAGLER 1828
Hypsilophus tuberculatus — WAGLER 1830
Iguana (Hypsilophus) rhinolophus WIEGMANN 1834
Iguana tuberculata — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1837: 203
Iguana rhinolopha — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1837: 207
Hypsilophus Rhinolophus — FITZINGER 1843
Hypsilophus tuberculatus — FITZINGER 1843
Iguana Hernandessi JAN 1857 (nomen nudum fide SMITH & TAYLOR 1950)
Iguana tuberculata — MIVART 1867
Iguana tuberculata — BOULENGER 1885: 189
Iguana rhinolophus — GÜNTHER 1885: 56
Iguana tuberculata — GÜNTHER 1885: 56
Iguana tuberculata — COPE 1886: 270
Iguana tuberculata — ANDERSSON 1900: 9 (?)
Iguana iguana — ANDERSSON 1900: 10
Iguana iguana rhinolopha — DUNN 1934
Iguana iguana rhinolopha — SMITH & TAYLOR 1950: 72
Iguana iguana rhinolopha — MERTENS 1952: 47
Iguana iguana rhinolopha — STUART 1963: 68
Iguana iguana — CONANT & COLLINS 1991: 95
Iguana iguana — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1991: 419
Iguana iguana — LINER 1994
Iguana iguana rhinolopha — MCNISH 2011
Iguana iguana — MATA-SILVA et al. 2015
Iguana rhinolopha — BREUIL et al. 2020
Iguana rhinolopha — ALVARADO et al. 2022
Iguana rhinolopha — PERALTA-GARCÍA et al. 2023
Iguana rhinolopha — SUNYER & MARTÍNEZ-FONSECA 2023

Iguana iguana melanoderma BREUIL, SCHIKORSKI, VUILLAUME, KRAUSS, MORTON, CORRY, BECH, JELIĆ & GRANDJEAN 2020
Iguana melanoderma BREUIL et al. 2020

Iguana iguana insularis BREUIL, VUILLAUME, SCHIKORSKI, KRAUSS, MORTON, HAYNES, DALTRY, CORRY, GAYMES, GAYMES, BECH, JELIĆ & GRANDJEAN 2019
Iguana insularis insularis — BREUIL et al. 2020
Iguana insularis — BREUIL et al. 2022

Iguana iguana sanctaluciae BREUIL, VUILLAUME, SCHIKORSKI, KRAUSS, MORTON, HAYNES, DALTRY, CORRY, GAYMES, GAYMES, BECH, JELIĆ & GRANDJEAN 2019
Iguana insularis sanctaluciae — BREUIL et al. 2020 
DistributionUSA (introduced to Florida and Hawaii)

S Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, Campeche, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Jalisco, Puebla, Guerrero, Sinaloa, Nayarit), Nicaragua, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Belize, Costa Rica, Panama

Colombia (incl. Valle del Cauca), Ecuador, Brazil (Bahia, Pernambuco, Ceará, Sergipe, Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia, Piauí, Acre, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Rio de Janeiro), Venezuela, Isla Margarita,
Guyana, Suriname, French French Guiana,
Peru, Bolivia (Beni, Pando, Santa Cruz), Paraguay,

Antilles: Virgin Island, Montserrat, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Grenadines, Grenada, Swan Island, Trinidad, Tobago, La Tortuga Island, Isla San Andres, Isla de Providencia

Introduced to Taiwan (G. Norval, in AA)
Introduced to Singapore and Thailand (Burg et al. 2020)
Introduced to Cayman islands, St. Barthelemy, Guadeloupe, Ile Desecheo Saintes, and Puerto Rico

insularis: Grenada Bank, Grenadine islands, Grenada; Type locality: Bequia, St Vincent & the Grenadines.

melanoderma: Montserrat, Saba; Type locality: Lesser Antilles: Saba

sanctaluciae: Saint Lucia; Type locality: Saint Lucia, West Indies

rhinolopha: Mexico (Yucatan peninsula), Nicaragua, south to Panama fide STUART 1963: 68.

Type locality: “Indiis”  
Reproductionoviparous. Iguana delicatissima and I. iguana hybridize in nature (Breuil et al. 2009). 
TypesSyntypes: NRM (NHRM), another in the Gyllenborg collection in Uppsala.
Lectotype: ZMB 571; paratype: 3630 [rhinolopha]
Holotype: MCZ X-17620/R-79057, caught by James Lazell (10 April 1964). Paratypes: MCZ X-17619/R-79056, X-17621/R-79058, juveniles, from the same location and the same collector [insularis]
Holotype: MNHN-RA 2362, male, collected by Bonnecour(t) between 1850–1851 [sanctaluciae]
Holotype: MCZ R-75832, 23 June 1963; JD Lazell [leg.] 
DiagnosisDiagnosis (genus): differs from all other iguanid genera in possessing the following combination of character states: a) large ventral process of squamosal abuts dorsal edge of tympanic crest of quadrate, b) cristae ventrolaterales of parabasisphenoid barely constricted behind basipterygoid processes, c) crowns of posterior marginal teeth serrate, with numerous small accessory cusps, d) entire pterygoid tooth patch double ontogenetically, e) posterolateral processes of pleurapophyses of second sacral vertebra absent, f) thin midsaggital processes on anterodorsal surfaces of caudal centra relatively small and confined to anterior fifth of caudal sequence, g) coeliac artery arises posterior to mesenteric arteries, between mesenteric arteries, or continuous with mesenteric arteries rather than anterior to them, h) snout covered by large, platelike scales, i) large dewlap present, k) gular crest of enlarged scales present (John Iverson et al., pers. comm.). 
CommentPet trade. Colombia intended to export more than 600,000 specimens alone (cited in WÜSTER 1998 without a time span). Between 1991 and 2002 about 4.8 million iguanas have been imported to the United States; between 1990 and 1999 about 600,000 iguanas were imported to Europe (Schardt et al. 2009). Breeders have created variations in yellow, blue, and brown, in addition to the wildtype “green” specimens (Werning 2015).

Type Species: Iguana tuberculata Laurenti, 1768 is the type species of the genus Iguana LAURENTI 1768 (designated by Burt and Burt 1933:26). All designations of Lacerta iguana Linnaeus, 1758, as the type species of Iguana Laurenti, 1768 (by tautonymy or otherwise) are not valid as Lacerta iguana Linnaeus, 1758, was not an originally included species (Article 67.2 of the Code, ICZN 1999, Low 2016).

Phylogenetics: for a recent analysis of iguanian relationships see Scarpetta 2020.

Subspecies: Even though most older author recognized two subspecies (iguana and rhinolopha) Lazell (1973) concluded that geographic variation is complex and does not justify the recognition of subspecies. I. i. rhinolopha is distinguished from iguana by only 2 or 3 small protuberances on the snout. Most recent authors don’t seem to recognize rhinolopha any more. The two subspecies insularis and sanctaluciae seem to be very similar if not indistinguishable genetically (Breuil et al./ 2019: 218, Fig. 12). I. i. melanoderma was described as a full species, I. melanoderma, but its position in a phylogenetic tree and its genetic similarity to other subspecies of I. iguana makes subspecific status more appropriate.

Distribution: not in Yucatan state (Mexico) according to GONZÁLEZ-SÁNCHEZ et al. 2017. For a list of localities and islands (including rhinolopha) see Dunn 1934. 
EtymologyThe family, genus, and species name Iguana might be formed from Igoana, a name used by ‘‘Les habitans de Saint-Domingue, d’après Hernandez’’ (A. M. C. Duméril and Bibron, 1837: 199).
I. i. insularis is named after the numerous islands in the southern Lesser Antilles where the subspecies lives.
I. i. sanctaluciae is named after Saint Lucia which is the only island inhabited by this taxon. 
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