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Spalerosophis diadema (SCHLEGEL, 1837)

IUCN Red List - Spalerosophis diadema - Least Concern, LC
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Higher TaxaColubridae, Colubrinae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
SubspeciesSpalerosophis diadema cliffordii (SCHLEGEL 1837)
Spalerosophis diadema diadema (SCHLEGEL 1837)
Spalerosophis diadema schirazianus (JAN 1863) 
Common NamesE: Diadem Snake, Royal Snake
G: Pakistanische Diademnatter 
SynonymColuber diadema SCHLEGEL 1837: 146
Coluber cliffordii SCHLEGEL 1837
Zamenis cliffordii GÜNTHER 1858
Zamenis cliffordii — GÜNTHER 1859: 226
Zamenis diadema — ANDERSON 1871: 174
Zamenis diadema — BOULENGER 1887: 408
Zamenis diadema — BOULENGER 1893: 411
Zamenis diadema — WALL 1911
Spalerosophis diadema — SCHMIDT 1930: 227
Coluber diadema – CONSTABLE 1949: 128
Spalerosophis cliffordii — OVADIA 1985
Spalerosophis diadema — DAS 1996: 59
Spalerosophis diadema — SCHLEICH, KÄSTLE & KABISCH 1996: 520
Spalerosophis diadema — BAIG et al. 2007
Spalerosophis diadema — WALLACH et al. 2014: 683
Spaleorosophis diadema — RÖSLER & WRANIK 2017 (in error)
Sphalerosophis diadema diadema — MANZOOR et al. 2019 (in error)

Spalerosophis diadema cliffordii (SCHLEGEL 1837
Coluber guttatus FORSKAL 1775 [non C. guttatus LINNAEUS 1766]: 14
Coluber cahirinus GMELIN 1789: 1115 (nomen novum, nom. oblit.)
Coluber geoffroyii GRAY 1831
Coluber cliffordi SCHLEGEL 1837 (nomen protectum fide SCHÄTTI et al. 2009
Periops parallelus DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL 1854: 678
Zamenis cliffordi — BLANFORD 1881: 679
Zamenis (Periops) versicolor — BOETTGER 1885: 458
Zamenis cliffordi — MOJSISOVICS 1889
Spalerosophis cliffordii — SCHMIDT 1939
Spalerosophis cliffordii — SCHMIDT & MARX 1956: 32
Spalerosophis diadema cliffordii — SCHNURRENBERGER 1963
Spalerosophis diadema cliffordii — KRAMER & SCHNURRENBERGER 1963
Spalerosophis diadema cliffordii — WERNER & FRANKENBERG 1982
Spalerosophis diadema cliffordi — MEHRTENS 1987: 205
Spalerosophis diadema cliffordii — OSMAN & SIR 1988
Spalerosophis diadema cliffordii — GASPERETTI 1988: 276
Spalerosophis diadema cliffordii — LEVITON et al. 1992: 105
Spalerosophis cliffordii — SHINE 1994
Spalerosophis diadema cliffordii — SCHÄTTI & GASPERETTI 1994
Spalerosophis diadema cliffordii — VAN DER KOOIJ 2001
Spalerosophis diadema cliffordii — SCHLÜTER 2005
Spalerosophis cliffordii —TRAPE & MANÉ 2006: 160
Spalerosophis diadema cliffordii — SINDACO et al. 2006
Spalerosophis diadema cliffordii — IBRAHIM 2013
Spalerosophis diadema cliffordii — GARDNER 2013
Spalerosophis diadema cliffordii — SINDACO et al. 2014
Spalerosophis cliffordii — WALLACH et al. 2014: 682
Spalerosophis diadema cliffordii — ALSHAMMARI et al. 2017
Spalerosophis diadema cliffordii — YADOLLAHVANDMIANDOAB et al. 2022
Spalerosophis diadema cliffordii — SCHOLZ et al. 2023

Spalerosophis diadema schirazianus (JAN 1863
Periops parallellus var. schiraziana JAN in FILIPPI 1865: 356
Spalerosophis schirazianus — SCHMIDT 1939
Spalerosophis diadema schirazanus — MINTON 1966
Spalerosophis diadema schirazanus — ANDERSON & LEVITON 1969
Spalerosophis diadema schirazanus — NILSON & ANDREN 1981: 141
Spalerosophis diadema schirazanus — LEVITON et al. 1992: 105
Spalerosophis diadema schirazana — SCHLEICH, KÄSTLE & KABISCH 1996
Spalerosophis schirazianus — KHAN 2002
Spalerosophis diadema schirasianus — SCHÄTTI et al. 2010
Spalerosophis diadema schirazana — DAVLETBAKOV et al. 2016
Spalerosophis schirazianus — SAVAGE & MCDIARMID 2017: 64
Spalerosophis schirasianus — YADOLLAHVANDMIANDOAB et al. 2022 
DistributionIraq, Iran, Afghanistan, W Pakistan, N India (Rajasthan, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu, Kashmir),
U.S.S.R., S Turkmenistan, S Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan,
Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Sinai, Israel, Palestine (West Bank), Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Western Sahara ?, Mauritania, Mali, Niger, N Sudan (Jumhūriyyat), SE Turkey, Arabia, Oman, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Qatar

cliffordii: from Morocco to Libya, Egypt; Western Sahara, Mauritania, Algeria, Niger (fide TRAPE & MANÉ 2006), Syria, Jordan, Turkey, Iran, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Yemen; Type locality: Tripoli, Libya.

schirazianus: W Iran (Zagros Mts. and the region of Bushire), S Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, India; Pakistan; Type locality: Shiraz, Iran

diadema: Pakistan, India; Type locality: near Bombay, India fide MARX 1959. According to WALL 1914 and MERTENS 1940 the type locality is actually northern part of the Persian gulf (“from Buchier”).  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesLectotype: iconotype, illustrated by P. Russell 1801: 34 (pl. 30, designated by Wallach et al. 2014: 683
Lectotype: RMNH 467A (”whereabouts unknown, fide SCHÄTTI 2010); paralectotypes: RMNH RENA.467, RMNH RENA.467.a, RMNH RENA.467.b; original types lost (SCHÄTTI 2010) [cliffordi]
Syntypes: MSNM, MSNG (Milano) [schirazianus] 
DiagnosisUnfortunately we had to temporarily remove additional information as this was scraped by multiple AI companies who sell that data to their customers. These details, e.g. detailed descriptions or comparisons (about 2413 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentSchlegel’s description was based on a plate in Russell, Ind. Serp. (1801) ii: 34. Spalerosophis diadema dolichospila, and atriceps have been elevated to species status. KHAN (pers. comm.) considers schiraziana and atriceps as full species; in this case S. diadema does not occur in Pakistan (but schiraziana and atriceps do). However, BAIG et al. (2007) synonymized Spalerosophis diadema schiraziana (JAN 1865) with S. diadema.

Distribution: S. d. atriceps occurs in Gujarat but S. diadema (without atriceps) does not. See map in Burriel-Carranza et al. 2019 for map in UAE. For a map see Sindaco et al. 2013, Yadollahvandmiandoab at al. 2022: Fig. 3, 2023: Fig. 1 (cliffordi, schirasianus). See Bar et al. 2021 for a map. In Qatar fide Wikipedia. 
EtymologyNamed after Latin (and Greek) diadema = diadem, headband, apparently for the black head color or the dark stripes on the head in some populations.

S. d. schirazianus was named after its type locality near Shiraz, Iran. 
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