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Crotalus helleri MEEK, 1905

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Higher TaxaViperidae, Crotalinae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Southern Pacific Rattlesnake
S: Cascabel del Pacifico Sur 
SynonymCrotalus helleri MEEK 1905
Crotalus viridis helleri — KLAUBER 1949
Crotalus viridis caliginis KLAUBER 1949
Crotalus viridis caliginis — KISSER 1980
Crotalus viridis helleri — STEBBINS 1985: 232
Crotalus viridis helleri — LINER 1994
Crotalus viridis caliginis — LINER 1994
Crotalus oreganus helleri — ASHTON et al. 2001
Crotalus helleri — DOUGLAS et al. 2002
Crotalus oreganus helleri — CAMPBELL & LAMAR 2004
Crotalus oreganus caliginis — CAMPBELL & LAMAR 2004
Crotalus oreganus helleri — OLIVIER 2008
Crotalus oreganus caliginis — GROEN 2008
Crotalus oreganus caliginus — BEAMAN & HAYES 2008
Crotalus oreganus helleri — BEAMAN & HAYES 2008
Crotalus helleri — HOSER 2009
Crotalus oreganus helleri — CROTHER et al. 2012
Crotalus helleri — WALLACH et al. 2014: 191
Crotalus caliginis — WALLACH et al. 2014: 189
Crotalus caliginis — LEMOS-ESPINAL 2015
Crotalus helleri — DAVIS et al. 2016
Crotalus helleri — GOMARD 2017
Crotalus helleri — GARCIA-PADILLA et al. 2018
Crotalus oreganus helleri — WESTEEN et al. 2023 
DistributionSW USA (California), Mexico (Baja California)

caliginis: USA (South Coronado Island, off the coast of Baja California); Type locality: “South Coronado Island off the northwest coast of Baja California, Mexico” [= Coronado Sur Is., NW Baja California Norte, ext. NW Mexico, bet. 32°23’–25’N & 117°14’–15’W, elevation NSL–300 m].

Type locality: “San Jose, Lower California” [= San José, N Baja California Norte, ext. NW Mexico, 29°32’N, 114°42’W, elevation 535 m].  
Reproductionovovivparous 
TypesHolotype: FMNH 1272
Holotype SDNHM = SDSNH 2800; paratypes SDNHM = SDSNH [caliginis] 
DiagnosisAdditional details, e.g. a detailed description or comparisons (2317 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentVenomous!

Distribution: see map in Davis et al. 2016 (Fig. 2).

Subspecies: Davis et al. (2016: 13) noted that “caliginis is recognized as a diminutive insular form of helleri, while abyssus is a stunted lutosus, and nuntius a dwarfed viridis”. While they treat helleri, concolor, and lutosus as valid (evolutionary) species, they also state that “calignis is not sufficiently divergent at the molecular level and should instead be designated as an insular population of C. helleri” and fail to differentiate abyssus, and thus “recommend it should instead be subsumed within C. lutosus”. González-Sánchez et al. 2023 agree that caliginis is most likely an isolated population of C. oreganus. 
EtymologyNamed after Edmund Heller (1875-1939), American zoologist and ornithologist. 
References
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