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Phrynocephalus interscapularis LICHTENSTEIN & MARTENS, 1856

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Higher TaxaAgamidae (Agaminae), Sauria, Iguania, Squamata (lizards)
SubspeciesPhrynocephalus interscapularis interscapularis LICHTENSTEIN 1856
Phrynocephalus interscapularis sogdianus CHERNOV 1948 
Common NamesE: Lichtenstein's Toadhead Agama
sogdianus: Tajikistan Toadhead Agama 
SynonymPhrynocephalus interscapularis LICHTENSTEIN & MARTENS 1856
Phrynocephalus interscapularis — BOULENGER 1885: 378
Phrynocephalus interscapularis — NIKOLSKY 1915: 180
Phrynocephalus interscapularis — TERENTJEW & TSCHERNOW 1949: 157
Phrynocephalus interscapularis — LEVITON 1959: 461
Phrynocephalus interscapularis — ANDERSON 1963: 475
Phrynocephalus interscapularis — WERMUTH 1967: 82
Phrynocephalus interscapularis — MACEY et al. 2000
Phrynocephalus (Phrynocephalus) interscapularis interscapularis — BARABANOV & ANANJEVA 2007
Phrynocephalus interscapularis — SINDACO & JEREMČENKO 2008
Phrynocephalus (Microphrynocephalus) interscapularis — SOLOVYEVA et al. 2014

Phrynocephalus interscapularis sogdianus CHERNOV 1948
Phrynocephalus interscapularis sogdianus CHERNOV 1948: 135
Phrynocephalus interscapularis sogdianus CHERNOV 1959: 76
Phrynocephalus interscapularis sogdianus — WERMUTH 1967: 82
Phrynocephalus sogdianus — SOKOLOVSKY 1975: 12
Phrynocephalus sogdianus — DUNAYEV 1996
Phrynocephalus sogdianus — BARTS & WILMS 2003
Phrynocephalus sogdianus — SZCZERBAK 2003
Phrynocephalus (Phrynocephalus) interscapularis sogdianus — BARABANOV & ANANJEVA 2007
Phrynocephalus sogdianus — SINDACO & JEREMČENKO 2008
Phrynocephalus interscapularis sogdianus — MILTO & BARABANOV 2012: 161
Phrynocephalus (Microphrynocephalus) sogdianus — SOLOVYEVA et al. 2014
Phrynocephalus (Microphrynocephalus) sogdianus — SOLOVYEVA et al. 2023 
DistributionTurkmenistan, S Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, NE Iran, NE Afghanistan

Type locality: “Bucharei” = Bukhara, Uzbekistan

sogdianus: S Uzbekistan, SW Tajikistan, N Afghanistan; Type locality: Pyandza (Pjantsch), Tajikistan  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesLectotype: ZMB 796 (designated by Barabanov & Ananjeva 2007: 10); paralectotypes: ZMB 795, ZMB 54831 (was ZMB 795 part.), ZMB 55938--40 (was ZMB 796 part.), "Bucharei", leg. Eversmann.
Holotype: ZISP 16887 [sogdianus] 
DiagnosisDiagnosis (subgenus Microphrynocephalus): All of the members of the new subgenus differ from other Phrynocephalus species in the following combination of traits (our data [7] and the references therein): (1) small psammophilic species; in adults, the maximum body length is 48 mm and tail length is 60 mm; (2) a series of enlarged scales on the gular skin extends from chin to mouth corners; (3) the suborbital and pretemporal scales are enlarged; (4) up to 13 supralabial scales; (5) 22–23 presacral vertebrae; (6) the maxillary outer process underlies the premaxilla offshoot; (7) there is one tooth on the premaxilla; (8) there is no offshoot of the nasal bone, the dorsal surface of the nasal bone is flat; (9) the middle episternal process is reduced or very short; (10) m. episternocleidomastoideus is attached to the occipital bone. The subgeneric taxonomy of Phrynocephalus and of Microphrynocephalus subgenus will be published in detail later (SOLOVYEVA et al. 2014). 
Comment“P[hrynocephalus]. interscapularis” Fitzinger, 1826: 48. is a nomen nudum as FITZINGER did not provide a description.

Type: unknown (fide ANDERSON 1999, BARABANOV & ANANJEVA 2007)

Type species: Phrynocephalus interscapularis LICHTENSTEIN 1856 is the type species of the subgenus Microphrynocephalus SOLOVYEVA et al. 2014. 
References
  • Ananjeva, Natalia B.;Tuniyev, Boris S. 1992. Historical biogeography of the Phrynocephalus species of the USSR. Asiatic Herpetological Research 4: 76-98 - get paper here
  • Anderson, S.C. 1963. Amphibians and Reptiles from Iran. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. Ser. 4, 31(16): 417-498 - get paper here
  • Anderson, Steven C 1999. The lizards of Iran. Contributions to Herpetology Volume 15, Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Saint Louis, Missouri: i-vii, 1-442 [review in Copeia 2000 (4): 1144] - get paper here
  • BARABANOV, A.V. & N.B. ANANJEVA 2007. Catalogue of the available scientific species-group names for lizards of the genus Phrynocephalus Kaup, 1825 (Reptilia, Sauria, Agamidae). Zootaxa 1399: 1-56 - get paper here
  • Barts, M. & Wilms, T. 2003. Die Agamen der Welt. Draco 4 (14): 4-23 - get paper here
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  • Boulenger, G.A. 1885. Catalogue of the lizards in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) I. Geckonidae, Eublepharidae, Uroplatidae, Pygopodidae, Agamidae. London: 450 pp. - get paper here
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  • Chernov, S.A. 1948. Reptiles — Reptilia. In: Pavlovsky, E.N. & Vinogradova, B.S. (Eds.), The Animals of the USSR. Vol. 2. The desert zone [in Russian]. USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow-Leningrad, pp. 127–161
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  • Dunayev, E. A. 1996. On the possible use of the Ethological features in the taxonomy and phylogeny of toad agamas, Phrynocephalus (Reptilia, Agamidae). Russ. J. Herpetol. 3 (1): 32-38 - get paper here
  • Jin, Y-T., R.P. Brown 2013. Species history and divergence times of viviparous and oviparous Chinese toad-headed sand lizards (Phrynocephalus) on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 68 (2):259–268 - get paper here
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  • Lichtenstein, H., and E. von Martens. 1856. Nomenclator reptilium et amphibiorum Musei Zoologici Berolinensis. Namenverzeichniss der in der zoologischen Sammlung der Königlichen Universität zu Berlin aufgestellten Arten von Reptilien und Amphibien nach ihren Ordnungen, Familien und Gattungen. Königliche Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin / Buchdruckerei der Königl. Akad. der Wiss., iv + 48 pp. - get paper here
  • Macey, J. R., J. A. Schulte II, A. Larson, N. B. Ananjeva, Y. Wang, R. Pethiyagoda, N. Rastegar-Pouyani, T. J. Papenfuss 2000. Evaluating trans-Tethys migration: an example using acrodont lizard phylogenetics. Systematic Biology 49 (2): 233-256 - get paper here
  • Martin T, Guillemin M, Nivet-Mazerolles V, Landsmann C, Dubos J, Eudeline R, and Stroud J. 2017. The herpetofauna of central Uzbekistan. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 11(1) [General Section]: 93–107 - get paper here
  • Milto, Konstantin D.; Andrei V. Barabanov 2012. A Catalogue of the Agamid and Chamaeleonid Types in the Collection of the Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. Russ. J. Herpetol. 19 (2): 155-170 - get paper here
  • Mishagina J.V. 1988. Trophic connections of sandy toad agama (Phrynocephalus interscapularis, Agamidae) in Eastern Kara Kum. Probl. osvoenya pustyn, 1988, No 2: 48-56 [in Russian]
  • Mishagina J.V. 2006. On trophic connections of sandy toad agama Phrynocephalus interscapularis (Agamidae) in autumn. Probl. osvoenya pustyn, 2006, No 1: 37-42 [in Russian]
  • Mishagina J.V. 2008. Ecological groups of preys in Eastern Kara Kum psammobiont lizards, Eremias (Lacertidae) and Phrynocephalus (Agamidae). The Problems of Herpetology (Proceedings of the 3rd Meeting of the Nikolsky Herpetological Society). Saint-Petersburg, 2008, pp. 298-307 [in Russian] - get paper here
  • Nikolsky, A. M. 1915. Faune de la Russie, Reptiles Vol. 1 Chelonia et Sauria(Reptiles of Russia and adjacent countries. Reptiles (Reptilia) Vol. 1) [in Russian]. Imper. Acad. Sci., Petrograd, 532 pp. [Translated from Russian by the Israel Program for Scientific Translations 1963]
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  • Smirina, Ella and Natalia Ananjeva 2017. On the longevity, growth and reproductive characteristics of Lichtenstein’s Toadhead Agama, Phrynocephalus interscapularis Lichtenstein, 1856 (Agamidae, Sauria). Amphibia-Reptilia 38 (1): 31-39 [published online in 2016] - get paper here
  • Solovyeva, E. N., Dunayev, E. A., Nazarov, R. A., Bondarenko, D. A., & Poyarkov, N. A. 2023. COI-Barcoding and Species Delimitation Assessment of Toad-Headed Agamas of the Genus Phrynocephalus (Agamidae, Squamata) Reveal Unrecognized Diversity in Central Eurasia. Diversity 2023, 15, x - get paper here
  • Solovyeva, E. N.; N. A. Poyarkov, E. A. Dunayev, R. A. Nazarov, V. S. Lebedev, and A. A. Bannikova 2014. Phylogenetic Relationships and Subgeneric Taxonomy of Toad-headed Agamas Phrynocephalus (Reptilia, Squamata, Agamidae) as Determined by Mitochondrial DNA Sequencing. Doklady Biological Sciences 455: 119–124. - get paper here
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