You are here » home advanced search Apalone spinifera

Apalone spinifera (LESUEUR, 1827)

IUCN Red List - Apalone spinifera - Least Concern, LC

Can you confirm these amateur observations of Apalone spinifera?

Add your own observation of
Apalone spinifera »

Find more photos by Google images search: Google images

Higher TaxaTrionychidae (Trionychinae), Trionychoidea, Testudines (turtles)
SubspeciesApalone spinifera aspera (AGASSIZ 1857)
Apalone spinifera atra WEBB & LEGLER 1960
Apalone spinifera emoryi (AGASSIZ 1857)
Apalone spinifera guadalupensis (WEBB 1962)
Apalone spinifera pallida (WEBB 1962)
Apalone spinifera spinifera (LESUEUR 1827) 
Common Namesaspera: Gulf Coast Spiny Softshell
ater: Spiny Softshell
emoryi: Texas Spiny Softshell
guadalupensis: Guadalupe Spiny Softshell
hartwegi: Western Spiny Softshell
pallida: Pallid Spiny Softshell
spinifera: Eastern Spiny Softshell
G: Dornrand-Weichschildkröte
S: Tortuga de Concha Blanda 
SynonymTrionyx spiniferus LESUEUR 1827: 258
Trionyx ocellatus LESUEUR 1827: 258 [non Trionyx ocellatus GRAY 1830]
Gymnopus Spiniferus — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1835: 477
Aspidonectes spinifer — BAUR 1888: 736
Amyda spinifera — BURT 1935
Amyda spinifera — CONANT 1938
Trionyx spiniferus — STEBBINS 1985: 108
Apalone spinifera — CROTHER 2000: 75
Trionyx spiniferus — PURSER 2003
Apalone spinifera — CROTHER et al. 2012
Apalone spinifera — TTWG 2014
Apalone spinifera — TTWG 2021

Apalone spinifera aspera (AGASSIZ 1857)
Aspidonectes asper AGASSIZ 1857: 405
Platypeltis agassizii BAUR 1888
Amyda spinifera aspera — STEJNEGER & BARBOUR 1939
Trionyx spiniferus asper — SCHWARTZ 1956
Apalone spinifera aspera— ERNST & BARBOUR 1989
Apalone spinifera aspera — CONANT & COLLINS 1991: 79
Apalone spinifera aspera — CROTHER 2000: 75
Apalone spinifera aspera — CROTHER et al. 2012
Apalone spinifera aspera — TTWG 2014
Apalone spinifera aspera — BEANE 2019
Apalone spinifera aspera — TTWG 2021

Apalone spinifera atra WEBB & LEGLER 1960
Trionyx ater WEBB & LEGLER 1960
Trionyx spiniferus ater— IVERSON 1986
Apalone spinifera ater — ERNST & BARBOUR 1989
Apalone ater — DAVID 1994
Apalone spinifera ater — LINER 1994
Apalone spinifera atra — MCCORD & JOSEPH-OUNI 2005
Apalone ater — BONIN et al 2006
Apalone atra — LEGLER & VOGT 2013
Apalone spinifera atra — TTWG 2014
Apalone atra — JOHNSON et al. 2017
Apalone spinifera atra — TTWG 2017
Apalone atra — LAZCANO et al. 2019
Apalone spinifera atra — TTWG 2021

Apalone spinifera emoryi (AGASSIZ 1857)
Aspidonectes emoryi AGASSIZ 1857
Aspidonectes emyda GRAY 1870 (ex errore)
Aspidonectes georgii GRAY 1870 (ex errore)
Aspidonectes californiana RIVERS 1889
Trionyx emoryi — BOULENGER 1889
Platypeltis emoryi — BAUR 1893
Aspidonectes emoryi — STRECKER 1910: 121
Platypeltis emoryi — SMITH 1939
Amyda emoryi — SMITH 1939: 312
Platypeltis emoryi — SCHMIDT & OWENS 1944
Trionyx ferox emoryi — WEBB 1956
Trionyx spiniferus emoryi — SCHWARTZ 1956
Trionyx spinifer emoryi — BRADLEY & DEACON 1966
Trionyx spiniferus emoryi — STEBBINS 1985: 109
Apalone spinifera emoryi — ERNST & BARBOUR 1989
Apalone spinifera emoryi — CONANT & COLLINS 1991: 82
Trionyx spiniferus emoryi — DIXON 2000
Apalone spinifera emoryi — CROTHER 2000: 75
Apalone spinifera emoryi — CROTHER et al. 2012
Apalone spinifera emoryi — TTWG 2014
Apalone spinifera emoryi — TTWG 2021

Apalone spinifera guadalupensis (WEBB, 1962)
Trionyx spiniferus guadalupensis — DIXON 2000
Apalone spinifera guadalupensis — CROTHER 2000: 75
Apalone spinifera guadalupensis — CROTHER et al. 2012
Apalone spinifera guadalupensis — TTWG 2014
Apalone spinifera guadalupensis — TTWG 2021

Apalone spinifera pallida (WEBB, 1962)
Trionyx spiniferus pallida — DIXON 2000
Apalone spinifera pallida — CROTHER 2000: 75
Apalone spinifera pallida — CROTHER et al. 2012
Apalone spinifera pallida — TTWG 2014
Apalone spinifera pallida — TTWG 2021

Apalone spinifera spinifera (LE SUEUR 1827)
Trionyx ocellatus LE SUEUR 1827
Apalone hudsonica RAFINESQUE 1832
Trionyx annulifer WIED 1839
Tyrse argus GRAY 1844
Aspidonectes nuchalis AGASSIZ 1857
Gymnopus olivaceus WIED 1865
Amyda spinifera spinifera— STEJNEGER & BARBOUR 1939
Amyda spinifera hartwegi CONANT & GOIN 1948
Trionyx spiniferus hartwegi — SCHWARTZ 1956
Trionyx spinifer — SCHWARTZ 1956
Trionyx spinifer hartwegi — MCCOY 1975
Trionyx spiniferus hartwegi — STEBBINS 1985: 109
Apalone spinifera hartwegi — ERNST & BARBOUR 1989
Apalone spinifera spinifera— ERNST & BARBOUR 1989
Apalone spinifera spinifera — CONANT & COLLINS 1991: 79
Apalone spinifera hartwegi — CONANT & COLLINS 1991: 79
Trionyx spiniferus hartwegi — DIXON 2000
Apalone spinifera hartwegi — CROTHER 2000: 75
Apalone spinifera spinifera — CROTHER 2000: 75
Apalone spinifera spinifera — CROTHER et al. 2012
Apalone spinifera spinifera — TTWG 2014
Apalone spinifera spinifera — BEANE 2019
Apalone spinifera spinifera — TTWG 2021 
DistributionUSA (NW Vermont, W New York, W Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Indiana, Kansas, Oklahoma, Kentucky, Nebraska, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, NW Florida, Wisconsin, Illinois, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Arizona, SE California, S Nevada, SW Utah, Montana, South Dakota, North Dakota, New Jersey, Colorado),
Canada (S Ontario, Quebec),
Mexico (N Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon, Coahuila, San Luis Potosí, and E Chihuahua, Baja California, Morelos, Jalisco, Puebla, Guerrero, Sonora)

Type locality: "Newharmony, sur le Wabash" (= New Harmony, Wabash River), Posey County, Indiana, U.S.A.

aspera: USA (North Carolina)

atra: Mexico (Coahuila: basin of Cuatro Ciénegas). Type locality: 16 km sout of Cuatro Ciénegas, Coahuila, Mexico.

emoryi: USA (W Texas), Mexico( Coahuila, Tamaulipas). Type locality: Originally two type localities: the “lower Rio Grande of Texas, near Brownsville” [Cameron County, Texas]; and “Williamson County, in a stream emptying into the Rio Brazos.” Webb’s designation of the lectotype restricted the type locality to the former of these two options (Lieb 2023).

guadalupensis: Texas; Type locality: McMullen; 24.1 krn NE Tilden [McMullen County, Texas]

hartwegi: N Texas; Type locality: Kansas, Sedgwick, Wichita.

pallidus: Texas, Arkansas, Oklahoma  
Reproductionoviparous. Apalone ferox and A. spinifera hybridize (LOVE 2009). 
TypesLectotype: MNHN-RA 8808, designated by Webb 1962: 491; Syntypes: MNHN-RA 1949 (mistake), 6957 (mistake), 8807 (paralectotype of Bour et al. 1995), 8808 (not paralectotype of Bour et al. 1995), 8809 (paralectotype of Bour et al. 1995), 8810 (not paralectotype of Bour et al. 1995), 8811 (paralectotype of Bour et al. 1995), 8812 (paralectotype of Bour et al. 1995); ). See also Bour et al. 1995.
Holotype: UMMZ 95365 [hartwegi]
Holotype: UMMZ 89926 [guadalupensis]
Holotype: LSUM 111652 (was: Tulane Univ) [pallida]
Holotype: KU 46903, female, collected on September 6, 1958, by John M. Legler, Wendell L. Minckley, and Robert B. Wimmer [atra]
Holotype: MCZ R-37172 [aspera]
Lectotype: USNM 7855. Lectotype designation by Webb (1962), p. 510. Syntypes: MCZ R-184852, R-184854, R-1910, R-1627, R-1909, R-184853 [emoryi]
Syntype: USNM 51981, skull only [Platypeltis agassizii] 
DiagnosisAdditional details, e.g. a detailed description or comparisons (1760 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentTypes: For comments on the type of Trionyx ocellatus and of Tyrse argus see WEBB 2004.

Type species: Apalone hudsonica RAFINESQUE 1832 is the type species of the genus Apalone RAFINESQUE 1832.

Habitat: freshwater (rivers and tributaries, lakes) 
EtymologyNamed after the Latin words spina, meaning "thorn" and -fer, meaning "bearing," in reference to the tubercles on the anterior edge of the carapace (Lemos-Espinal & Dixon 2013).

The genus was named after the Latin words apalos, meaning "soft" and -on, meaning "very," in reference to the soft shell in the members of this genus.  
References
  • Agassiz, Louis 1857. Contributions to the Natural History of the United States of America. vol. 1. Little, Brown & Co., Boston, lii + 452 pp. - get paper here
  • ANTON, T. G 2020. Geographic Distribution: Apalone spinifera (Eastern Spiny Softshell Turtle). USA: Illinois: Lasalle Co. Herpetological Review 51: 72.
  • Anton, Thomas G., Cavataio, Joseph T. and Mills, Douglas 2016. New amphibian and reptile records from Illinois, USA. Herpetological Review 47 (4): 638 - get paper here
  • Averill-Murray, R.C. 2007. Spiny Softshell (Apalone spinifera). Herpetofauna of the 100 Mile Circle. Sonoran Herpetologist 20 (9):94-95. - get paper here
  • BADJE, A. F 2020. Geographic Distribution: Apalone spinifera (Spiny Softshell). USA: Wisconsin: Winnebago Co. Herpetological Review 51: 72.
  • BADJE, A. F 2020. Geographic Distribution: Apalone spinifera (Spiny Softshell). USA: Wisconsin: Rusk Co. Herpetological Review 51: 535.
  • BADJE, ANDREW F. 2022. Geographic distribution: APALONE SPINIFERA (Spiny Softshell). USA: WISCONSIN: Wood Co. Herpetological Review 53 (1): 75.
  • Bartlett, R. D. & Bartlett, P. 1999. A Field Guide to Texas Reptiles and Amphibians. Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, Texas, 331 pp.
  • Baur, G. 1888. Osteologische Notizen über Reptilien. Fortsetzung III, IV, V. Zool. Anz. 11: 417-424, 592-597, 736-740 - get paper here
  • Beane, J C 2019. New geographic distribution records for reptiles from North Carolina, USA. Herpetological Review 50 (3): 538-542 - get paper here
  • Beane, Jeffrey C.;Alford, Stanley L. 1994. Apalone spinifera aspera (Gulf Coast spiny softshell). USA: North Carolina. Herpetological Review 25 (1): 32 - get paper here
  • Berry, G A & Pearson, L S; 2018. Geographic Distribution: Apalone spinifera (Spiny Softshell). Herpetological Review 49 (4): 710 - get paper here
  • Berry, Gabrielle 2019. The Ecology and Evolution of the Freshwater Turtles of Southern Mississippi. Master’s Thesis, University of Southern Mississippi - get paper here
  • Blanchard, Frank N. 1923. The amphibians and reptiles of Dickinson County, Iowa. Iowa Studies in Natural History 10 (2): 19-26
  • Bogosian, Victor; Eric C. Hellgren, and Raymond W. Moody 2012. Assemblages of Amphibians, Reptiles, and Mammals on an Urban Military Base in Oklahoma. Southwestern Naturalist 57 (3): 277-284. - get paper here
  • Bonin, F., Devaux, B. & Dupré, A. 2006. Turtles of the World. English translation by P.C.H. Pritchard. Johns Hopkins University Press, 416 pp.
  • Bour, R. 2008. Global diversity of turtles (Chelonii; Reptilia) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia 595:593–598 - get paper here
  • Bour, Roger; Dubois, Alain; Webb, Robert G. 1995. Types of recent trionychid turtles in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris. Dumerilia 2: 73-92
  • Bradley, W. Glen and James E. Deacon 1966. Amphibian and Reptile Records for Southern Nevada. Southwestern Naturalist 11 (1): 132-134 - get paper here
  • Braun, Andrew P. and Quinton E. Phelps 2016. Habitat Use by Five Turtle Species in the Middle Mississippi River. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 15 (1): 62-68. - get paper here
  • Brian J. Tornabene, Robert G. Bramblett, Alexander V. Zale, and Stephen A. Leathe 2018. Factors Affecting Nesting Ecology of Apalone spinifera in a Northwestern Great Plains River of the United States. Chelonian Conservation and Biology Jun 2018, Vol. 17, No. 1: 63-77. - get paper here
  • Brodman, Robert, Megan Gramhofer, Anastasia Marsh, Michael S. Finkler and James Horton. 2014. Geographic Distribution: Apalone spinifera (spiny softshell). Herpetological Review 45 (2): 279 - get paper here
  • Brown, Donald J.; Amanda D. Schultz, James R. Dixon, Brian E. Dickerson, and Michael R. J. Forstner 2012. Decline of Red-Eared Sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans) and Texas Spiny Softshells (Apalone spinifera emoryi) in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 11 (1): 138-143. - get paper here
  • Brown, Grover J., III. 2015. Geographic Distribution: Apalone spinifera (spiny softshell turtle). Herpetological Review 46 (4): 563 - get paper here
  • Burt, Charles E. 1935. Further records of the ecology and distribution of amphibians and reptiles in the middle west. American Midland Naturalist 16 (3): 311-336 - get paper here
  • Butterfield, B. P., Barton, L. J., Self-Davis, M. L. & Butterfield, J. B. 2012. Geographic distribution: Apalone spinifera (spiny softshell). Herpetological Review 43: 615 - get paper here
  • Butterfield, Brian P. and Corey L. Albert. 2014. Geographical Distribution: Apalone spinifera (spiny softshell). Herpetological Review 45 (4): 656 - get paper here
  • Campbell, H. W.;Christman, S. P. 1980. Geographic distribution: Trionyx spiniferus asperus. Herpetological Review 11 (1): 14 - get paper here
  • Camper, Jeffrey D. 2019. The Reptiles of South Carolina. University of South Carolina Press, 288 pp. [review in Copeia 107 (3): 590, 2019] - get paper here
  • Castro-Franco, R. & Guadalupe Bustos Zagal, M. 2004. Additional records and range extensions of reptiles from Morelos, México. Herpetological Review 35 (2): 196-197 - get paper here
  • Cochran, Philip A. 1994. The spiny softshell turtle (Apalone spinifera) at Wood dale Grove Forest Preserve, DuPage County, Illinois. Bull. Chicago Herp. Soc. 29 (5): 96-97 - get paper here
  • Cochran, Phillip A. 1994. Apalone spinifera (spiny softshell). USA: Wisconsin. Herpetological Review 25 (2): 75 - get paper here
  • Colvin, Robert, Jeremy Dennison and Jake Yoes. 2015. Geographic Distribution: Apalone spinifera (spiny softshell). Herpetological Review 46 (4): 563 - get paper here
  • Conant, R. and Goin, C.J. 1948. A new subspecies of soft-shelled turtle from the central United States, with comments on the application of the name Amyda. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 510: 1-19 - get paper here
  • Conant, Roger 1938. The Reptiles of Ohio. American Midland Naturalist 20 (1): 1-200 - get paper here
  • Conant, Roger 1961. The softshell turtle, Trionyx spinifer, introduced and established in New Jersey. Copeia 1961 (3): 355-356 - get paper here
  • Conant,R. & Collins,J.T. 1991. A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern/Central North America, 3rd ed. Houghton Mifflin (Boston/New York), xx + 450 p.
  • Crother, B. I. (ed.) 2012. Standard Common and Current Scientific Names for North American Amphibians, Turtles, Reptiles, and Crocodilians, Seventh Edition. Herpetological Circular 39: 1-92
  • CRUMP, P. S., AND J. MCLAUGHLIN 2020. Geographic Distribution: Apalone spinifera (Spiny Softshell). USA: Texas: Jack Co. Herpetological Review 51: 535.
  • Cupul-Magaña, Fabio Germán 2012. Varanus exanthematicus (Bosc, 1792), Apalone spinifera emoryi (Le Sueur, 1827) y Gopherus berlandieri (Agassiz, 1857): reptiles exóticos en el área urbana de Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, México. Cuadernos de Herpetología 26 (1): - get paper here
  • Davis, Drew R., Farkas, Jillian K., Johannsen, Rachel E., Leonard, Kalie M. and Kerby, Jacob L. 2017. Distributional records of amphibians and reptiles from South Dakota, USA. Herpetological Review 48 (1): 133-137 - get paper here
  • Degenhardt, William G.; C. W. Painter, and A. H. Price 1996. Amphibians and reptiles of New Mexico. Univ. New Mexico Press, 431 pp.
  • Dixon, James R. 2000. Amphibians and reptiles of Texas, second edition. Texas A&M University Press, 421 pp.
  • Doody, J. Sean and Jennifer A. Moore 2010. Conceptual model for thermal limits on the distribution of reptiles. Herp. Cons. Biol. 5 (2) - get paper here
  • Doody, J. Sean;Anderson, Richard E.;Richardson, Cliff S. 1996. Geographic Distribution. Apalone spinifera pallida. Herpetological Review 27 (3): 150 - get paper here
  • Duellman, William E.;Berg, Barbara 1962. Type specimens of amphibians and reptiles in the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas. University of Kansas Publications Museum of Natural History 15 (4): 183-204 - get paper here
  • Duffus, Amanda L. J., Tiffany M. Ward and Gregory D. Hartman. 2014. Geographic Distribution: Apalone spinifera (spiny softshell). Herpetological Review 45 (1): 88 - get paper here
  • Duméril, A.M.C., and G. Bibron. 1835. Erpétologie Générale ou Histoire Naturelle Complète des Reptiles, Vol. 2. Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret, Paris, iv + 680 p. - get paper here
  • Elston, Jonathan; Virginie Rolland, and Stanley E. Trauth 2016. Urban Ditch Characteristics Associated with Turtle Abundance and Species Richness. Herp. Cons. Biol. 11 (1) - get paper here
  • Engeman, Richard M. 1994. Apalone spinifera (Spiny softshell). USA: Colorado. Herpetological Review 25 (4): 162 - get paper here
  • Ennen, Joshua R., Bernie R. Kuhajda and Brett Albanese. 2014. Geographical Distribution: Apalone spinifera (spiny softshell). Herpetological Review 45 (4): 656 - get paper here
  • Ernst, Carl H.; Lovich, Jeffrey E. 2009. Turtles of the United States and Canada, 2nd edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, 827 pp. - get paper here
  • Ernst,C.H. and Barbour,R.W. 1989. Turtles of the World. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. - London
  • Farkas, Jillian K. and Davis, Drew R. 2017. Geographic Distribution: Apalone spinifera (Spiny Softshell). Herpetological Review 48 (1): 122 - get paper here
  • Finkler, Michael S. 2015. Geographic Distribution: Apalone spinifera (spiny softshell). Herpetological Review 46 (4): 563 - get paper here
  • Franklin, Carl J. 2014. Apalone spinifera (spiny softshell turtle) cheloniophagy. Herpetological Review 45 (2): 309 - get paper here
  • FRANKLIN, CARL J. & VIVIANA RICARDEZ. 2021. APALONE SPINIFERA PALLIDA (Pallid Spiny Softshell Turtle). BEHAVIOR. Herpetological Review 52 (2): 385. - get paper here
  • FRANKLIN, CARL J.; VIVIANA RICARDEZ & SAL SCIBETTA. 2021. APALONE SPINIFERA GUADALUPENSIS (Guadalupe Spiny Softshell). DIET and SCAVENGING. Herpetological Review 52 (2): 385. - get paper here
  • Friebohle, J; Chapman, A; Lovera, K; Managan, M; Schaefer, C H & Wronkiewicz, N 2018. Geographic Distribution: Apalone spinifera (Spiny Softshell). Herpetological Review 49 (2): 284 - get paper here
  • Galois, P., M. Léveillé, L. Bouthillier, C. Daigle & S. Parren 2002. Movement Patterns, Activity, and Home Range of the Eastern Spiny Softshell Turtle (Apalone spinifera) in Northern Lake Champlain, Québec, Vermont Journal of Herpetology 36 (3): 402-411. - get paper here
  • Goin, Coleman J. 1948. The occurrence of Amyda spinifera aspera in Florida. Copeia 1948 (4): 304 - get paper here
  • Graham, Terry E.;Cobb, Cynthia B. 1998. Sexual dimorphism of neonate Eastern spiny softshells, Apalone spinifera spinifera. Chelonian Conserv. Biol. 3 (1): 111-112
  • Green, N.B., & Pauley, T.K. 1987. Amphibians and reptiles in West Virginia. Univ. of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, 241 pp.
  • GULETTE, ALISSA L.; DONALD J. BROWN & JAMES T. ANDERSON. 2022. Geographic distribution: APALONE SPINIFERA (Spiny Softshell). USA: WEST VIRGINIA: Barbour Co.: Pleasant Creek Wildlife Management Area. Herpetological Review 53 (2): 260.
  • Hall, Joshua M. 2014. Geographic Distribution: Apalone spinifera (spiny softshell). Herpetological Review 45 (2): 279 - get paper here
  • HARALSON, L., L. PEARSON, AND G. BERRY 2020. Apalone spinifera (Spiny Softshell). Aggression And Behavior. Herpetological Review 51: 105-107.
  • HARALSON, LUCAS & LUKE PEARSON. 2021. Twenty-five County Records for Freshwater Turtles in Mississippi, USA. Herpetological Review 52 (3): 592–593. - get paper here
  • HARALSON, LUCAS; LUKE PEARSON & GABRIELLE BERRY 2021. Multiple County Records for Freshwater Turtles in Mississippi, USA. Herpetological Review 52 (1): 99–100
  • Hardy, R. & L. Lamoreaux 1945. Emory's Turtle in the Virgin River Drainage of Northwestern Arizona Copeia 1945 (3): 168. - get paper here
  • Hedrick, D., Jackson, R., Starnes, W. C., Bogan, A. E. & Beane, J. C. 2012. Geographic distribution: Apalone spinifera aspera (Gulf Coast spiny softshell). Herpetological Review 43: 615 - get paper here
  • Hennig, A. S. 2015. Häufig gehaltene Wasserschildkrötenarten – eine Übersicht. Reptilia (Münster) 20 (116): 18-25 - get paper here
  • Hernandez, T O; Herr, M W; Trevino, A E; Lazcano, D; Black, M & Graham, S P 2018. Geographic Distribution: Apalone spinifera (Spiny Softshell). Herpetological Review 49 (3): 500 - get paper here
  • Heyborne, W. H. and J. Sigg 2017. Apalone spinifera emoryi (Texas Spiny Softshell) Diet. Herpetological Review 48 (2): 419 - get paper here
  • Hibbitts, Troy D. and Terry L. Hibbitts 2016. Texas Turtles & Crocodilians: a Field Guide. University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas. xvi + 276 pp., 117 photos, 36 maps. ISBN 978-1477307779.
  • Hoffman, Andrew and Sierra Shepard. 2014. Geographic Distribution: Apalone spinifera (spiny softshell). Herpetological Review 45 (1): 88-89 - get paper here
  • Hutto, David R., Jr., Jillian C. Newman and Kyle Barrett. 2016. Geographic Distribution: Apalone spinifera (Spiny Softshell). Herpetological Review 47 (2): 251 - get paper here
  • Jackson, Dale R., Robert N. Walker and Ghislaine C. Guyot. 2015. Geographic Distribution: Apalone spinifera (spiny softshell). Herpetological Review 46 (4): 563 - get paper here
  • Jensen, John B. 1998. Geographic Distribution. Apalone spinifera aspera. Herpetological Review 29 (1): 50 - get paper here
  • Jensen, John B.; Carlos D. Camp, Whit Gibbons, & Matt J. Elliott 2008. Amphibians and reptiles of Georgia. University of Georgia Press, 575 pp.
  • JOHNSON, AARON C.; RYAN E. GLASFORD, MACKENZIE L. MCBRIDE, AMY K. SHOOK, JOSEPH B. GRIZZLE, ASHLEY N. TRIPLETT, … JOHN L. CARR. 2021. New Distribution Records for Turtles in Northern Louisiana, USA. Herpetological Review 52 (3): 588–591. - get paper here
  • JOHNSON, HUNTER D.; REMI P. PATTYN, JEFFREY P. MITCHELL & BRENDAN HETTINGER. 2022. Geographic distribution: APALONE SPINIFERA (Spiny Softshell). USA: COLORADO: Larimer Co.: North of the Cache la Poudre River in Riverbend Ponds Natural Area. Herpetological Review 53 (2): 260.
  • Johnson, J. D., L. D. Wilson, V. Mata-Silva, E. García-Padilla, and D. L. DeSantis. 2017. The endemic herpetofauna of Mexico: organisms of global significance in severe peril. Mesoamerican Herpetology 4(3): 544–620 - get paper here
  • JUNGNICKEL, J. 2009. Observations on the Cleaning Behaviour of Catfishes of the Genera Ancistrus and Pterygoplichthys on the Gulf Coast Spiny Softshell Turtle (Apalone spinifera aspera Agassiz, 1857). Sauria 31 (1): 51-52 - get paper here
  • Kapfer, Joshua M., Jeffrey M. Lorch, Erik R. Wild, Donald J. Brown, Lisa Mitchem, Nicholas Rudolph, Karl Rutzen and Richard C. Vogt. 2015. Distributional records for amphibians and reptiles from Wisconsin, USA. Herpetological Review 46 (4): 587-590 - get paper here
  • King, Richard B.; Oldham, Michael J.; Weller, Wayne F.; Wynn, Douglas. 1997. Historic and current amphibian and reptile distributions in the Island Region of Western Lake Erie. American Midland Naturalist 138(1):153-173 - get paper here
  • KUTOK, NATHAN J. & KALEB BANKS. 2022. Geographic distribution: APALONE SPINIFERA (Spiny Softshell). USA: ILLINOIS: Edwards Co. Herpetological Review 53 (1): 75.
  • Lazcano D, Nevárez-de los Reyes M, García-Padilla E, Johnson JD, Mata-Silva V, DeSantis DL, Wilson LD. 2019. The herpetofauna of Coahuila, Mexico: composition, distribution, and conservation status. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 13(2) [General Section]: 31–94 (e189) - get paper here
  • Lazure, Louis; Patrick Paré, Lyne Bouthillier, and Patrick Galois 2019. Nesting Biology and Conservation of a Northern Population of Spiny Softshell Turtles (Apalone spinifera). Herp. Conserv. Biology 14 (3): - get paper here
  • Le Sueur, Ch. A. 1827. Note sur deux especes de tortues du genre Trionyx Gff. St. H. Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 15: 257- 268 - get paper here
  • Legler, J.M.& Vogt, R.C. 2013. The Turtles of Mexico: Land and Freshwater Forms. University of California Press, 416 pp. - get paper here
  • Lemos-Espinal JA, Smith GR 2020. A conservation checklist of the herpetofauna of Morelos, with comparisons with adjoining states. ZooKeys 941: 121-144 - get paper here
  • Lemos-Espinal JA, Smith GR, Rorabaugh JC 2019. A conservation checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Sonora, Mexico, with updated species lists. ZooKeys 829: 131-160 - get paper here
  • Lemos-Espinal JA, Smith GR, Woolrich-Piña GA 2018. Amphibians and reptiles of the state of San Luis Potosí, Mexico, with comparisons with adjoining states. ZooKeys 753: 83-106 - get paper here
  • Lemos-Espinal, J.A., R.G. Webb & H.M. Smith 1999. Emory's Softshell Turtle, Apalone spinifera emoryi, in Mexico Bull. Maryland Herpetol. Soc., 35(2): 40-42. - get paper here
  • Lemos-Espinal, Julio A. and James R. Dixon 2013. Amphibians and Reptiles of San Luis Potosí. Eagle Mountain Publishing, xii + 300 pp.
  • Li, H., Liu, J., Xiong, L., Zhang, H., Zhou, H., Yin, H., Jing, W., Li, J., Shi, Q., Wang, Y., Liu, J. and Nie, L. 2017. Phylogenetic relationships and divergence dates of softshell turtles (Testudines: Trionychidae) inferred from complete mitochondrial genomes. J. Evol. Biol., doi:10.1111/jeb.13070 - get paper here
  • Lieb, C. S. 2023. Catalog 3: Type Specimens, Type Localities, Synonymies, and Authors/Collectors of Amphibians and Reptiles Described from Texas. In: D.J. Schmidly et al. (eds.) TAXONOMIC CATALOGS FOR THE RECENT TERRESTRIAL VERTEBRATES (SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES) DESCRIB Museum of Texas Tech University Special Publications 77: 213-378 - get paper here
  • LINDEMAN, P. V 2020. Geographic Distribution: Apalone spinifera (Spiny Softshell). USA: Texas: Morris Co. Herpetological Review 51: 535.
  • Lindeman, P.V. 2018. Apalone spinifera (Spiny Softshell) Healed injury. Herpetological Review 49 (1): 103-104. - get paper here
  • Lindeman, Peter V. 2016. Geographic Distribution: Apalone spinifera (Spiny Softshell). Herpetological Review 47 (2): 251 - get paper here
  • Lindeman, Peter V. 2017. Geographic Distribution: Apalone spinifera (Spiny Softshell). Herpetological Review 48 (1): 121-122 - get paper here
  • LINDEMAN, PETER V. 2021. Fifteen New County Records for River Turtles in the Ohio River Drainage of West Virginia, USA. Herpetological Review 52 (2): 362–363
  • LINDEMAN, PETER V. 2021. Geographic distribution: APALONE SPINIFERA (Spiny Softshell). Live Oak Co. Herpetological Review 52 (2): 343. - get paper here
  • Livo, Lauren J. 1993. Spiny softshell turtle distribution in Colorado. Prairie Naturalist 25 (4): 355-357
  • Love, B. 2009. Die „Krise“ der Florida-Weichschildkröte. Reptilia (Münster) 14 (75): 14-15 - get paper here
  • Lynch, J.D. 1985. Annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Nebraska. Nebraska Acad. of Sci., Lincoln, Trans. 13: 33-57.
  • MacLaren, A.R., Bohannon, A.M.A., Kiehne, M.L. & Forstner, M.R.J. 2017. Geographic Distribution: Apalone spinifera (Spiny Softshell). Herpetological Review 48 (4): 809 - get paper here
  • Mali, Ivana; Andrea Villamizar-Gomez, Trina M. Guerra, Michael W. Vandewege, and Michael R.J. Forstner 2015. Population Genetics of Texas Spiny Softshell Turtles (Apalone spinifera emoryi) Under Various Anthropogenic Pressures in Two Distinct Regions of Their Range in Texas. Chelonian Conservation and Biology Dec 2015, Vol. 14, No. 2: 148-156. - get paper here
  • Maloney, M. 2016. Habitat, Activity, Habits and Evasion Tactics of Apalone spinifera spinifera in Colorado. Bull. Chicago Herp. Soc. 51: 153 - get paper here
  • Maloney, M. 2017. Geographic Distribution: Apalone spinifera (Spiny Softshell). Herpetological Review 48 (3): 587. - get paper here
  • McCoy, C. J. 1975. Notes on Oklahoma Reptiles. Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Sciences 55: 53-54 - get paper here
  • McCoy, C. J.; Oscar A. Flores-Villela, Richard C. Vogt, Michael Pappas & J. Kelly McCoy 2020. Ecology of Riverine Turtle Communities in the Southern United States: Food Resource Use and Trophic Niche Dimensions Chelonian Conservation and Biology 19 (2): 197-208 - get paper here
  • McGaugh, S.E.; Eckerman, C.M. & Janzen, F.J. 2008. Molecular phylogeography of Apalone spinifera (Reptilia, Trionychidae). Zoologica Scripta 37: 289–304 - get paper here
  • McKay, J. Lindley, Marantelli, Phil and Milenkaya, Olga 2017. Geographic Distribution: Apalone spinifera (Spiny Softshell). Herpetological Review 48 (1): 121 - get paper here
  • Mead, M. C., A. J. Mead and D. Parmley 2016. Geographic Distribution: Apalone spinifera (Spiny Softshell). Herpetological Review 47(3): 421. - get paper here
  • Mead, M. C., A. J. Mead and D. Parmley 2016. Geographic Distribution: Apalone spinifera (Spiny Softshell). Herpetological Review 47(3): 421. - get paper here
  • Meylan, P.A. 1987. The phylogenetic relationships of soft-shelled turtles (Family Trionychidae). Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 186 (1):1-101. - get paper here
  • Michelson, D. & Sievert, G. 2018. Geographic Distribution: Apalone spinifera spinifera (Eastern Spiny Softshell). Herpetological Review 49 (1): 71. - get paper here
  • Mitchell, J.C. 1994. The reptiles of Virginia. Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries, ca. 350 pp.
  • Mitchell, J.C.;Southwick, R. 1993. Notes on the Spiny Softshell, Apalone spinifera (Testudines, Trionychidae), in Southeastern Virginia. Brimleyana (18): 99-102 - get paper here
  • Moe, K. and A. F. Badje 2017. Geographic Distribution: Apalone spinifera (Spiny Softshell). Herpetological Review 48 (2): 386 - get paper here
  • Montgomery, William B. and Margie Crisp. 2016. Geographic Distribution: Apalone spinifera (Spiny Softshell). Herpetological Review 47 (2): 251 - get paper here
  • Nevárez-de-los-Reyes, Manuel, David Lazcano, Elí García-Padilla, Vicente Mata-Silva, Jerry D. Johnson and Larry David Wilson. 2016. The Herpetofauna of Nuevo León, Mexico: Composition, Distribution, and Conservation. Mesoamerican Herpetology 3 (3): 558–638 - get paper here
  • Nickl, S. 2012. Erfahrungen bei der Aufzucht von Dornrand-Weichschildkröten (Apalone spinifera). Terraria-Elaphe 2012 (5): 82-85 - get paper here
  • O'Bryan, Christopher J., M. Kevin Hamed, J. Wallace Coffey, Brent Rowell and Thomas F. Laughlin. 2015. Geographic Distribution: Apalone spinifera (spiny softshell). Herpetological Review 46 (2): 214 - get paper here
  • O'Bryan, Christopher; M. Kevin Hamed, Thomas F. Laughlin 2022. Body-size and aerial basking dynamics of the Spiny Softshell (Apalone spinifera) in a human-modified landscape in Tennessee, USA Journal of North American Herpetology 2022: - get paper here
  • Ostovar, Kayhan; Gabriel Wolff, David Dockery, Ulrich Hoensch, Mike Ruggles, Andrhea Massey, Reece Robinett & Earl Radonski 2021. Population Structure of the Spiny Softshell Turtle (Apalone spinifera) in Five Montana Rivers. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 20(2): 242–253. - get paper here
  • Otten, Joshua G. and Terry J. VanDeWalle. 2014. Apalone spinifera (spiny softshell turtle), Chelydra serpentina (snapping turtle), and Sternotherus odoratus (eastern musk turtle) homing behavior. Herpetological Review 45 (2): 309-311 - get paper here
  • Painter, Charles W. 1993. Apalone spinifera emoryi (Texas spiny softshell). Coloration. Herpetological Review 24 (4): 148 - get paper here
  • Palacios-Aguilar, Ricardo & OSCAR FLORES-VILLELA 2018. An updated checklist of the herpetofauna from Guerrero, Mexico. Zootaxa 4422 (1): 1-24 - get paper here
  • Palmer, W.M. & Braswell, A.L. 1995. Reptiles of North Carolina. Univ. North Carolina Press
  • Pappas, Michael J.; Justin D. Congdon, and Bruce J. Brecke 2017. Orientation in Five Species of Hatchling River Turtles Dispersing from Experimental Nests. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 16 (1): 3-11. - get paper here
  • Parren, Steven G.; Molly K. Parren, and Katherina D. Gieder 2021. Nest Counts and Hatchling Emergence Timing for the Spiny Softshell (Apalone spinifera) and Associated Turtle Species at Managed Sites in Vermont, USA. Herpetological Conservation and Biology, 16(1):
  • Peralta-García A, Valdez-Villavicencio JH, Fucsko LA, Hollingsworth BD, Johnson JD, Mata-Silva V, Rocha A, DeSantis DL, Porras LW, and Wilson LD. 2023. The herpetofauna of the Baja California Peninsula and its adjacent islands, Mexico: composition, distribution, and conservation status. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 17(1&2): 57–142
  • Phillips, JG 2016. Updated Geographic Distributions of Michigan Herpetofauna: a Synthesis of Old and New Sources. The Journal of North American Herpetology 2016: 45–69 - get paper here
  • Pierson, T. 2012. Geographic distribution: Apalone spinifera (spiny softshell). Herpetological Review 43: 302 - get paper here
  • Plummer, M.V., D.G. Krementz, L.A. Powell & N.E. Mills 2008. Effects of Habitat Disturbance on Survival Rates of Softshell Turtles (Apalone spinifera) in an Urban Stream Journal of Herpetology 42 (3): 555-563. - get paper here
  • POWELL, ALEXIS F. L. A.; MICHAEL S. MAHR, JENNIFER L. BUCHANAN, JUSTIN J. AUTZ & GREG SIEVERT 2021. New County and Drainage Records of Turtles in Waterways of Eastern Kansas, USA. Herpetological Review 52 (3): 584–587. - get paper here
  • Price, S.J. & Dorcas, M.E. 2011. THE CAROLINA HERP ATLAS: AN ONLINE, CITIZEN-SCIENCE APPROACH TO DOCUMENT AMPHIBIAN AND REPTILE OCCURRENCES. Herp. Cons. Biol. 6 (2): 287–296. - get paper here
  • Purser, P.A. 2003. Trionyx spiniferus: Keeping the Spiny Softshell Turtle. Reptilia (GB) (30): 51-54 - get paper here
  • Reinertsen, Charles J; Sarah M. Mitchell, Ke Han Bao, Katherine M. Halvorson, Michael J. Pappas, and Steven Freedberg 2015. Genetic Variation and Gene Flow at the Range Edge of Two Softshell Turtles. Journal of Herpetology 50 (3): 357-365. - get paper here
  • Richardson, C., et al. 2017. Testing the effectiveness of bait types on trapping freshwater turtles in Missouri. Herpetological Review 48 (2): 331-333 - get paper here
  • Rivers, James John 1889. Description of a new turtle from the Sacramento River, belonging to the Family of Trionychidae. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. ser. 2, 2:233-236 - get paper here
  • Saffer, R. Scott, Huisman, Matthew, Singh, Palvee, Leman, Chase, Burkett, William, Dotterer, Nathan, Huber, Summer, Walter, Vivian, Zimmerman, Allie and Thorson-Saffer, Akiko 2016. New county records of reptiles and amphibians from Livingston and Ford Counties in East-Central Illinois, USA. Herpetological Review 47 (4): 637-638 - get paper here
  • Schmidt, K.P. 1924. Emory's Soft-Shelled Turtle in Arizona Copeia 131: 64. - get paper here
  • Schmidt, K.P., and D. Owens. 1944. Amphibians and reptiles of northern Coahuila, Mexico. Field Museum of Natural History, Zoological Series. Chicago. 29: 97-115. - get paper here
  • SELMAN, WILL; JOSEPH MCGEE, MARKS MCWHORTER & RYAN DUMAS. 2021. Thirty-three New County Records and Range Extensions for Herpetofauna of Mississippi, USA. Herpetological Review 52 (1): 102–106.
  • Siebenrock, F. 1902. Zur Systematik der Schildkrötenfamilie Trionychidae Bell, nebst der Beschreibung einer neuen Cyclanorbis - Art. Sitzungsber. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien. Math-Naturwiss. Cl. 111: 807-846 - get paper here
  • Sievert, G. 2018. Geographic Distribution: Apalone spinifera spinifera (Eastern Spiny Softshell). Herpetological Review 49 (1): 71-72. - get paper here
  • Sirsi, Shashwat, Ivana Mali, Andrea Villamizar-Gomez and Michael R. J. Forstner. 2015. Geographic Distribution: Apalone spinifera guadalupensis (Guadalupe spiny softshell). Herpetological Review 46 (4): 563-564 - get paper here
  • Smith, Hobart M. 1939. An annotated list of the Mexican amphibians and reptiles in the Carnegie Museum. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 27: 311-320
  • Smith, Hobart M. 1939. Notes on Mexican reptiles and amphibians. Zoological Series of Field Museum of Natural History 24 (4): 15-35 - get paper here
  • Smith, Sommer and Nicole Foster. 2014. Geographic Distribution: Apalone spinifera (spiny softshell). Herpetological Review 45 (3): 459 - get paper here
  • Stebbins,R.C. 1985. A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, 2nd ed. Houghton Mifflin, Boston
  • Stejneger, Leonhard 1944. Notes on the American soft-shelled turtles with special reference to Amyda agassizii. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard 94 (1): 1-75, 30 plates - get paper here
  • Stevenson, D. J. 2012. Geographic distribution: Apalone spinifera (spiny softshell). Herpetological Review 43: 615 - get paper here
  • STEVENSON, DIRK J. et al. 2021. New County Records for Amphibians and Reptiles in Georgia, USA. Herpetological Review 52 (2): 350-359
  • Strecker, J.K. 1910. Description of a new solitary spadefoot toad (Scaphiopus hurterii) from Texas, with other herpetological notes. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 23: 115-122 - get paper here
  • Tamplin, Jeffrey W. 2010. Apalone spinifera: Maximum clutch size. Herpetological Review 41 (3): 344-345 - get paper here
  • Taylor-Young, M. 2011. The Guide to Colorado Reptiles and Amphibians. Fulcrum Publishing, Golden, Colorado, 169 pp.
  • Terán-Juárez, Sergio A., Elí García Padilla, Vicente Mata-Silva, Jerry D. Johnson and Larry David Wilson. 2016. The herpetofauna of Tamaulipas, Mexico: composition, distribution, and conservation status. Mesoamerican Herpetology 3 (1): 43–113 - get paper here
  • Thomson, Robert C.; Andrew M. Shedlock, Scott V. Edwards and H. Bradley Shaffer 2008. Developing markers for multilocus phylogenetics in non-model organisms: A test case with turtles. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 49 (2): 514-525 - get paper here
  • Thornton, Okla W., Jr.;Smith, Jerry R. 1993. New county records of amphibians and reptiles from West-Central Texas. Herpetological Review 24 (1): 35-36 - get paper here
  • Tornabene, Brian J.; Robert G. Bramblett, Alexander V. Zale, and Stephen A. Leathe 2017. Spatiotemporal Ecology of Apalone spinifera in a Large, Great Plains River Ecosystem. Herp. Cons. Biol. 12 (1): - get paper here
  • Trauth, Stanley E.;Worley, Hilary J. 1997. A skeletochronological study of adult spiny softshell turtles (Apalone spinifera) from northeastern Arkansas. Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science 51: 169-173
  • TTWG [Peter Paul van Dijk, John B. Iverson, Anders G.J. Rhodin, H. Bradley Shaffer, and Roger Bour] 2014. Turtles of the World, 7th Edition: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution with Maps, and Conservation Status. 000.v7. Chelonian Research Monographs (ISSN 1088-7105) No. 5, doi:10.3854/crm.5.000.checklist.v7.2014 - get paper here
  • TTWG; Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., Bour, R., Fritz, U., Georges, A., Shaffer, H.B., and van Dijk, P.P. 2021. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (9th Ed.). In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., van Dijk, P.P., Stanford, C.B., Goode, E.V., Buhlmann, K.A., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.). Chelonian Research Monographs 8:1–472. doi:10.3854/crm.8.checklist.atlas.v9.2021. - get paper here
  • Valverde, J. 2007. Weichschildkröten. Reptilia (Münster) 12 (68): 16-23 - get paper here
  • VanDeWalle, Terry 2022. The Natural History of the Snakes and Lizards of Iowa. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City, Iowa, 384 pp. ISBN: 978-1- 609388-37-9. [review in HR 54 (1): 151] - get paper here
  • Vogt, R. C. 1982. Genetic sex determination in the spiny softshell Trionyx spiniferus (Testudines: Trionychidae). Copeia 1982 (3): 699-700 - get paper here
  • Vraniak, D. A. and G. A. Geller 2017. Apalone spinifera (Spiny Softshell), Chelydra serpentina (Snapping Turtle), and Glyptemys insculpta (Wood Turtle) Embryo survival after nest flooding. Herpetological Review 48 (2): 419-420 - get paper here
  • WARFEL, TIMOTHY & JOSHUA WARFEL. 2021. Geographic distribution: APALONE SPINIFERA (Spiny Softshell). USA: COLORADO: Sedgwick Co. Herpetological Review 52 (1): 79. - get paper here
  • Webb R G 1990. Trionyx Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. Softshell turtles. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 487: 1-7 - get paper here
  • Webb, R.G. 1962. North American Recent soft-shelled turtles (Family Trionychidae). Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist. 13 (10): 429-611 - get paper here
  • Webb, R.G. 2004. Trionychid turtle miscellany. Hamadryad 28 (1&2): 119-121 - get paper here
  • Webb, Robert G. 1956. Size at sexual maturity in the male softshell turtle, Trionyx ferox emoryi. Copeia 1956 (2): 121-122 - get paper here
  • Webb, Robert G. 1960. Type and type locality of the Gulf Coast spiny softshell turtle, Trionyx spinifer asper (Agassiz). Breviora (129): 1-8 - get paper here
  • Webb, Robert G. 1973. Trionyx ater. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles (137): 1 - get paper here
  • Webb, Robert G. 1973. Trionyx spiniferus. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles (140): 1-4 - get paper here
  • Webb, Robert G.;Legler, John M. 1960. A new softshell turtle (genus Trionyx) from Coahuila, Mexico. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 40 (2): 21-30 - get paper here
  • Weisrock,D.W. & Janzen,F.J. 2000. Comparative molecular phylogeography of North American Softshell Turtles (Apalone): implication for regional and wide-scale historical evolutionary forces. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 14 (1): 152-164 - get paper here
  • WELC, MATTHEW. 2022. Geographic distribution: APALONE SPINIFERA (Spiny Softshell). USA: ALABAMA: Autauga Co. Herpetological Review 53 (1): 75.
  • Wemple, P. 1971. The eastern spiny soft-shelled turtle Trionyx spinifer spinifer Le Sueur in Maryland Bull. Maryland Herpetol. Soc., 7(2): 35-37. - get paper here
  • Werning, Heiko 2012. Die Reptilien und Amphibien des Südwestens. Draco 13 (50): 18-60 - get paper here
  • Williams, Avery A. 2016. Geographic Distribution: Apalone spinifera (Spiny Softshell). Herpetological Review 47 (2): 251 - get paper here
  • Wilson, Christopher R. 2016. Geographic Distribution: Apalone spinifera (Spiny Softshell). Herpetological Review 47 (4): 625 - get paper here
  • Woolrich-Piña, G. A., E. García-Padilla, D. L. DeSantis, J. D. Johnson, V. Mata-Silva, and L. D. Wilson 2017. The herpetofauna of Puebla, Mexico: composition, distribution, and conservation status. Mesoamerican Herpetology 4(4): 791–884 - get paper here
  • Zimmer-Shaffer, Stephanie A., Jeffrey T. Briggler, and Joshua J. Millspaugh 2014. Modeling the Effects of Commercial Harvest on Population Growth of River Turtles. Chelonian Conservation and Biology Dec 2014, Vol. 13, No. 2: 227-236. - get paper here
  • ZUG, G.R. 2013. Reptiles and Amphibians of the Pacific Islands. University of California Press, Berkeley, 306 pp. - get paper here
 
External links  
Is it interesting? Share with others:


Please submit feedback about this entry to the curator