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Podocnemis sextuberculata CORNALIA, 1849

IUCN Red List - Podocnemis sextuberculata - Vulnerable, VU
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Higher TaxaPodocnemididae, Pelomedusoidea, Pleurodira, Testudines (turtles)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Six-tubercled Amazon River Turtle, Amazon River Turtle
Portuguese: Cambéua, Iaçá, Pitiú 
SynonymPodocnemis expansa sextuberculata CORNALIA 1849
Podocnemis pitiu SILVA COUTINHO 1868:150
Bartlettia pitipii GRAY 1870
Podocnemis sextuberculata— BOULENGER 1889
Podocnemis sextuberculata — SIEBENROCK 1902: 106
Podocnemis sextuberculata — FRAIR et al. 1978
Podocnemis sextuberculata — ALDERTON 1988
Podocnemis sextuberculata — ERNST & BARBOUR 1989: 28
Podocnemis sextuberculata — LEHR 2002: 72
Podocnemis sextuberculata — TTWG 2014
Podocnemis sextuberculata — TTWG 2021 
DistributionAmazon drainages of Brazil (Amazonas, Pará and Roraima, Acre), Peru (Loreto, Ucayali: [HR 31: 253]), and Colombia (Amazonas, Caquetá, Putomayo, Vaupés)

Type locality: "Fl. Amazonas" (= Amazon River), South America.  
Reproductionoviparous. Exhibits temperature‐dependent sex determination (TSD) fide Cornejo-Páramo et al. 2020 (and references therein). 
TypesHolotype: unlocated (King et al. 1989); (a hatchling) originally in the Milano Museum (Roger Bour, personal communication). 
DiagnosisAdditional details, e.g. a detailed description or comparisons (2424 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentHabitat: freshwater (Rivers and tributaries) 
EtymologyNamed after a unique character (which gives this turtle both its scientific and common names), the presence of six pairs of prominent swelled tubercles on the plastron of juveniles. 
References
  • Bonin, F., Devaux, B. & Dupré, A. 2006. Turtles of the World. English translation by P.C.H. Pritchard. Johns Hopkins University Press, 416 pp.
  • Bour, R. 2008. Global diversity of turtles (Chelonii; Reptilia) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia 595:593–598 - get paper here
  • Cornalia, E. 1849. Vertebratorum Synopsis in Musaeo Mediolanense extantium quae per novum Orbem Cajetanas Osculati collegit Annis 1846-47-48. Speciebus novis vel minus cognitus adjectis, nec non Descriptionibus atque Iconibus illustratis, curante Aemilio Cornalia. Mediolani. 16 pp. - get paper here
  • Cornejo-Páramo, P., Lira-Noriega, A., Ramírez-Suástegui, C. et al. 2020. Sex determination systems in reptiles are related to ambient temperature but not to the level of climatic fluctuation. BMC Evol Biol 20: 103 - get paper here
  • Da Cunha, Fernando Lima Rodrigues, Rafael Bernhard and Richard C. Vogt. 2014. Podocnemis erythrocephala, Podocnemis expansa, Podocnemis sextuberculata, Podocnemis unifilis (red-headed Amazon River turtle, giant South American River turtle, six-tubercled Amazon River turtle, yellow-spotted Amazon River turtle) coexistence. Herpetological Review 45 (2): 319 - get paper here
  • Da Silva, Tiago Lucena, Tiago Ricardo Fernandes Jacó, Ronaldo Souza Da Silva, Camila Kurzmann Fagundes, Maria Aparecida De Oliveira Azevedo Lopes and Richard Carl Vogt. 2016. Geographic Distribution: Podocnemis sextuberculata (Six-tubercled River Turtle). Herpetological Review 47 (1): 79-80 - get paper here
  • Eisemberg, C.C.; R.C. Vogt, R.A.M. Balestra, S.J. Reynolds, K.A. Christian 2019. Don't put all your eggs in one basket – Lessons learned from the largest-scale T and longest-term wildlife conservation program in the Amazon Basin. Biological Conservation 238: 108182 - get paper here
  • Erickson, J., D. P. de Oliveira, B. Marioni & I. P. Farias 2015. Analysis of the mating system of Podocnemis sextuberculata in the lower Purus River of the Brazilian Amazon: another record of multiple paternity in chelonians. Salamandra 51 (2): 215-220 - get paper here
  • Ernst,C.H. and Barbour,R.W. 1989. Turtles of the World. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. - London
  • Fabrezi, M.; Manzano, A.; Abdala, V. & Zaher, H. 2009. Developmental basis of limb homology in Pleurodiran turtles, and the identity of the hooked element in the chelonian tarsus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 155: 845–866 - get paper here
  • Fachín-Terán, A.; Vogt, R.C. & Thorbjarnarson, J.B. 2003. Estrutura populacional, razão sexual e abundancia de Podocnemis sextuberculata (Testudines, Podocnemididae) na reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Amazonas, Brasil. Phyllomedusa 2 (1): 43-63 - get paper here
  • Fagundes, C. K., Fath, F., Côrtes, L. G., Uhlig, V., Andrade, P. C. M., Vogt, R., ... & Júnior, P. D. M. 2021. A large scale analysis of threats to the nesting sites of Podocnemis species and the effectiveness of the coverage of these areas by the Brazilian Action Plan for Amazon Turtle Conservation. Journal for Nature Conservation, 125997 - get paper here
  • Fantin, Cleiton; Dorothy Ivila Melo Pereira, Jorge Frank Ferreira, Paulo Cesar Andrade Machado, Tomas Hrbek, Luiz Alberto Santos Monjeló, and Izeni Pires Farias 2015. Evidence of multiple paternal contribution in Podocnemis sextuberculata (Testudines: Podocnemididae) detected by microsatellite markers. Phyllomedusa 14 (2): 89-97 - get paper here
  • Frair, W.; Mittermeier, R.A.; Rhodin, A.G.J. 1978. Blood biochemistry and relations among Podocnemis turtles (Pleurodira, Pelomedusidae). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 61B: 139-143 - get paper here
  • Gaffney, Eugene S.; Peter A. Meylan, Roger C. Wood, Elwyn Simons, and Diogenes De Almeida Campos 2011. Evolution of the Side-Necked Turtles: The Family Podocnemididae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History (350): 1-237 - get paper here
  • Gonzalez R. C. et al. 2020. Lista dos Nomes Populares dos Répteis no Brasil – Primeira Versão. Herpetologia Brasileira 9 (2): 121 – 214 - get paper here
  • Iverson, J. B., L. Schneider, and R. C. Vogt 2017. Podocnemis sextuberculata. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 913 - get paper here
  • Lehr, E. 2002. Amphibien und Reptilien in Peru. Natur und Tier-Verlag (Münster), 208 pp. - get paper here
  • Magalhães, Marcela S.; Richard C. Vogt, José Fernando M. Barcellos, Carlos Eduardo B. Moura, and Ronis Da Silveira 2014. Morphology of the Digestive Tube of the Podocnemididae in the Brazilian Amazon. Herpetologica Dec 2014, Vol. 70, No. 4: 449-463. - get paper here
  • MENDES-PINTO, TELÊMACO JASON; Mestrando, BERNHARD, RAFAEL, VOGT, RICHARD; PEDRETT, RONNEZZA CÉLLIA LOBATO CAMPOS;GARCIA, RAUBER SANTOS 2011. A COLLECTION OF AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH OF THE AMAZON. Rev. Colombiana cienc. Anim. 3(2): 238 - get paper here
  • Metcalf, M. F., Guedouar, E., Davis, L., Rodriguez, A., Marsh, A., Pacaya, E. T., ... & Gunnels IV, C. W. 2023. Herpetofauna of Madre Selva Biological Station in Loreto, Peru. Herpetology Notes, 16, 727-740
  • Miorando, Priscila Saikoski; George Henrique Rebêlo, Marina Teófilo Pignati, and Juarez Carlos Brito Pezzuti 2013. Effects of Community-Based Management on Amazon River Turtles: A Case Study of Podocnemis sextuberculata in the Lower Amazon Floodplain, Pará, Brazil. Chelonian Conservation and Biology Jul 2013, Vol. 12, No. 1: 143-150. - get paper here
  • Morato, S.A.A.; Calixto, P.O.; Mendes, L.R.; Gomes, R.; Galatti, U.; Trein, F.L.; Oliveira, F.S.; Ferreira, G.N. 2014. Guia fotográfico de identificação da herpetofauna da Floresta Nacional de Saracá-Taquera, Estado do Pará. Curitiba: STCP Engenharia de Projetos Ltda.; Porto Trombetas: MRN – Mineração Rio do Norte S.A.; 213 p. - get paper here
  • Morato, Sérgio Augusto Abrahão; Guilherme Nunes Ferreira; Michela Rossane Cavilha Scupino (eds.) 2018. Herpetofauna da Amazônia Central: Estudos na FLONA de Saracá-Taquera. Curitiba, Pr: STCP Engenharia de Projetos Ltda.; Porto Trombetas, Pa: MRN – Mineração Rio do Norte S.A., 2018.<br>210p. - get paper here
  • Pereira, Fernanda Freda, Virgina Giniz Bernardes and Richard C. Vogt. 2014. Podocnemis sextuberculata (six-tubercled Amazon River turtle) morphology, extra limb. Herpetological Review 45 (2): 319-320 - get paper here
  • Perrone, Elis Lima, De Araújo, Maria Lúcia Goís and Vogt, Richard C. 2016. Podocnemis sextuberculata (Six-tubercled Amazon River Turtle) Reproduction. Herpetological Review 47 (4): 655-657 - get paper here
  • Perrone, Elis Lima, Michele Marques De Souza, Fernanda Da Silva Rodrigues, Nathalia Góes Duarte De Castro, Virgina Campos Diniz Bernardes, Sofia Eugenia Leão, Guilherme Malvar Da Costa, Mariel Acácio Lima, Camila Ferrara Rudge, Romildo Augusto De Sou 2014. Podocnemis sextuberculata (six-tubercled Amazon River turtle) movement. Herpetological Review 45 (3): 486-487 - get paper here
  • Perrone, Elis Lima, Virgina Campos Diniz Bernardes and Richard C. Vogt. 2016. Podocnemis sextuberculata (Six-tubercled Amazon River Turtle) Predation. Herpetological Review 47 (2): 287 - get paper here
  • Siebenrock, F. 1902. Zur Systematik der Schildkrötengattung Podocnemis Wagl. Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe, Wien, 27: 104-106 - get paper here
  • TTWG [Peter Paul van Dijk, John B. Iverson, Anders G.J. Rhodin, H. Bradley Shaffer, and Roger Bour] 2014. Turtles of the World, 7th Edition: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution with Maps, and Conservation Status. 000.v7. Chelonian Research Monographs (ISSN 1088-7105) No. 5, doi:10.3854/crm.5.000.checklist.v7.2014 - get paper here
  • TTWG; Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., Bour, R., Fritz, U., Georges, A., Shaffer, H.B., and van Dijk, P.P. 2021. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (9th Ed.). In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., van Dijk, P.P., Stanford, C.B., Goode, E.V., Buhlmann, K.A., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.). Chelonian Research Monographs 8:1–472. doi:10.3854/crm.8.checklist.atlas.v9.2021. - get paper here
  • Vaz-Silva, W.; RM Oliveira, AFN Gonzaga, KC Pinto, FC Poli, TM Bilce, M Penhacek, L Wronski, JX Martins, TG Junqueira, LCC, Cesca VY, Guimarães RD. Pinheiro 2015. Contributions to the knowledge of amphibians and reptiles from Volta Grande do Xingu, northern Brazil Braz. J. Biol., 75 (3) (suppl.): S205-S218 - get paper here
  • Viana, Maria das Neves S.; Jessica dos Anjos Oliveira, Maria Augusta Paes Agostini, José Erickson, Giovanne Matias de Morais, Luiz Alberto dos Santos Monjeló, Paulo César M. Andrade, Daniely Félix-Silva, Waldesse Piragé de Oliveira Júnior, Jack W. Si 2017. Population Genetic Structure of the Threatened Amazon River Turtle, Podocnemis sextuberculata (Testudines, Podocnemididae). Chelonian Conservation and Biology Dec 2017, Vol. 16, No. 2: 128-138. - get paper here
 
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