You are here » home › advanced search › Crocodylus porosus

Crocodylus porosus SCHNEIDER, 1801

IUCN Red List - Crocodylus porosus - Least Concern, LR
iNaturalist logo

Can you confirm these amateur observations of Crocodylus porosus?

Add your own observation of
Crocodylus porosus »

Find more photos by Google images search: Google images

Higher TaxaCrocodylidae (Crocodylia, crocodiles)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Saltwater crocodile
G: Leistenkrokodil 
SynonymCrocodylus natans MEYER 1795 (nomen oblitum)
Crocodilus porosus SCHNEIDER 1801: 159
Crocodilus oopholis SCHNEIDER 1801: 165
Crocodilus biporcatus CUVIER 1807: 48
Crocodilus biporcatus — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1836: 115
Crocodilus biporcatus raninus MÜLLER & SCHLEGEL 1844
Oopholis pondicherianus GRAY 1862: 268
Crocodilus porosus — DE ROOIJ 1915: 337
Crocodylus porosus australis DERANIYAGALA 1953
Crocodylus porosus minikanna DERANIYAGALA 1953
Crocodylus porosus porosus — WERMUTH & MERTENS 1977
Crocodylus porosus biporcatus — WERMUTH & MERTENS 1977
Crocodylus raninus — ROSS 1990
Crocodylus porosus — COX et al. 1998: 122
Crocodylus porosus — COGGER 2000: 175
Crocodylus raninus — MARTIN 2008
Crocodylus porosus — NGUYEN et al. 2009 
DistributionAustralia, Bangladesh, Brunei, Myanmar (= Burma), Cambodia, India (including Andaman Islands, Nicobar Islands, Kerala), Indonesia (Java, Sulawesi, Komodo, Natuna islands), Malaysia, Palau (Caroline Islands) , Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Solomon Islands, Thailand, Vanuatu (Banks Islands), Nauru?, Micronesia, Vietnam.

Type locality: Unknown; designated as "Ceylon" (=Sri Lanka) by Mertens (1960: 271).

raninus: Borneo; Type locality: Borneo  
Reproductionoviparous. Crocodylus porosus hybridizes with C. siamensis (A. Britton, pers. comm., 6 Jan 2014, FitzSimmons et al. 2002). C. porosus has temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD): at at constant temperature of 32°C ~90% of hatchlings are male, at both cooler and warmer temperatures (<= 31 or >= 33°C), the ratio drops to less than 20% (Webb & Cooper-Preston 1989). 
TypesLectotype: ZMB 278 (designated by WERMUTH 1954, see also Mertens, 1960); Paralectotypes: ZFMK 40955-956, RMNH n = RMNH.RENA.37489.
Holotype: BMNH [Oopholis pondicherianus GRAY 1862]
Lectotype: RMNH.RENA.3219; paralectotype: RMNH p = RMNH.RENA.37493 [raninus] 
DiagnosisAdditional details, e.g. a detailed description or comparisons (999 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentSingle individuals can be found some distance from their usual range (e.g. Japan, islands in the Indian Ocean), as they can travel long distances (over a thousand km) by sea - barnacles have been found on the scales of a few stray individuals. This sea-faring ability probably helps to explain their wide distribution.

Distribution: extinct in China (Zhang et al, 1998)

Synonymy: Crocodylus raninus has been considered as a synonym of C. porosus (biporcatus), e.g. by Wermuth & Mertens 1977. Although it was revalidated by Ross 1990, its status remains unclear. Tyler 1991 (cited in Vitt et al. 2014) appears to consider it as extinct. In fact, Ross 1990 only shows skulls; there seems to be no recent observation of a living specimen. Brochu 2012 shows C. raninus as sister species of C. novaeguineae.

Subspecies: C. raninus has been considered as a subspecies of C. porosus but is now considered as valid species by certain authors.

Habitat: sometimes found in brackish waters and thus considered “partly marine”.

Hybridization: Crocodylus niloticus appears to hybridize with C. siamensis and C. porosus, at least in captivity. C. porosus also hybridizes with C. siamensis (Wei et al. 2022). 
EtymologyNamed after Greek porosis = a callosity and the Latin suffix -osus, meaning full of; a reference to the double row ofscaly humps on the upper surface of the snout. 
References
  • Ahasan, S.A.; A.Z. Rahman & S.U. Azam 2010. Rearing of Juvenile Estuarine Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) at Dhaka Zoo. Reptile Rap (9): 13-14 - get paper here
  • Allen, G.R. 1974. The Marine Crocodile, Crocodylus porosus, from Ponape, Eastern Caroline Islands, with Notes on Food Habits of Crocodiles from the Palau Archipelago Copeia 1974 (2): 553. - get paper here
  • Amarasinghe, A.A. Thasun; Majintha B. Madawala, D.M.S. Suranjan Karunarathna, S. Charlie Manolis, Anslem de Silva & Ralf Sommerlad 2015. Human-crocodile conflict and conservation implications of Saltwater Crocodiles Crocodylus porosus (Reptilia: Crocodylia: Crocodylidae) in Sri Lanka. Journal of Threatened Taxa 7 (5): 7111-7130 - get paper here
  • Andrews, Harry V.;Whitaker, Romulus 1994. Status of the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus Schneider, 1801) in North Andaman Island. Hamadryad 19: 79-92 - get paper here
  • Auffenberg W 1980. The herpetofauna of Komodo, with notes on adjacent areas. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum 25 (2): 39-156 - get paper here
  • Auliya, M. & Melisch, R. 2004. Verbreitungsnachweis des Leistenkrokodils (Crocodylus porosus SCHNEIDER 1801) mit Angaben zur Habitatnutzung, Ethoökologie und Schutzstatus auf Java, Indonesien. Draco 5 (20): 81-85 - get paper here
  • Banks, E. 1931. Some measurements of the Estuary crocodile, (Crocodylus porosus) from Sarawak. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 34: 1086-1088 - get paper here
  • Barbour, T. 1924. A record crocodile, Crocodilus porosus. Singapore Naturalist 4: 88
  • Bauer, A.M. & Günther, R. 2006. An annotated catalogue of the types of crocodilians (Reptilia: Crocodylia) in the collection of the Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (ZMB). Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin - Zoologische Reihe 82 (2): 243-247 - get paper here
  • Bauer, A.M. & Lavilla, E.O. (eds.) 2021. J. G. Schneider’s Historiae Amphibiorum: Herpetology at the Dawn of the 19th Century. SSAR, 848 pp. - get paper here
  • Bauer, Aaron M. 1998. South Asian Herpetological specimens of historical note in the Zoological Museum, Berlin. Hamadryad 23 (2): 133-149 [1999] - get paper here
  • Böhme, Wolfgang 2014. Herpetology in Bonn. Mertensiella 21. vi + 256 pp. - get paper here
  • Booth, D.T. 2000. The Effect of Hypoxia on Oxygen Consumption of Embryonic Estuarine Crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) Journal of Herpetology 34 (3): 478-481. - get paper here
  • Boulenger, G.A. 1886. On the reptiles and batrachians of the Solomon Islands. Trans. Zool. Soc. London 12: 35-62
  • Brackhane, S; Xavier, F M E; Gusmao, M & Fukuda, Y 2018. Habitat mapping of the Saltwater Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) in Timor-Leste. Herpetological Review 49 (3): 439-441 - get paper here
  • Brander, A.D. 1930. An enormous estuary crocodile (Crocodylus porosus). J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 34: 584-585 - get paper here
  • BRIEN, M. L., S. BOOTH, P. BERI, S. COULSON, T. FRISBY, D. PERERA, AND M. JOYCE 2020. A Novel Method of Using a Drone to Capture Saltwater Crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus). Herpetological Review 51: 32-37.
  • Britton, A. R. C., Whitaker, R. & Whitaker, N. 2012. Here be a dragon: Exceptional size in a saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) from the Philippines. Herpetological Review 43: 541-546 - get paper here
  • Britton, Adam and Erin Britton. 2013. Crocodylus porosus (saltwater crocodile) fishing behavior. Herpetological Review 44 (2): 312 - get paper here
  • Brown; Rafe; Cameron Siler, Carl Oliveros, Luke Welton, Ashley Rock, John Swab, Merlijn Van Weerd, Jonah van Beijnen, Dominic Rodriguez, Edmund Jose, Arvin Diesmos 2013. The amphibians and reptiles of Luzon Island, Philippines, VIII: the herpetofauna of Cagayan and Isabela Provinces, northern Sierra Madre Mountain Range. ZooKeys 266 (2013) Special Issue: 1-120<br>doi: 10.3897/zookeys.266.3982 - get paper here
  • Buden, Donald W. and John Haglelgam 2010. Review of Crocodile (Reptilia: Crocodilia) and Dugong (Mammalia: Sirenia) Sightings in the Federated States of Micronesia. Pacific Science 64 (4):577–583 - get paper here
  • Burgin, S. 1981. The biology and ecology of Crocodylus porosus (Schneider). Science in New Guinea 8 (1): 9-37
  • Bustard, H.R. 1968. Rapid Learning in Wild crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) Herpetologica 24 (2): 173-175. - get paper here
  • Campbell, Hamish A.; Ornella Sissa, Ross G. Dwyer, and Craig E. Franklin 2013. Hatchling Crocodiles Maintain a Plateau of Thermal Independence for Activity, but at What Cost? Journal of Herpetology Mar 2013, Vol. 47, No. 1: 11-14. - get paper here
  • Chan-ard, T., Parr, J.W.K. & Nabhitabhata, J. 2015. A field guide to the reptiles of Thailand. Oxford University Press, NY, 352 pp. [see book reviews by Pauwels & Grismer 2015 and Hikida 2015 for corrections] - get paper here
  • Cogger, H. G. 2014. Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia, 7th ed. CSIRO Publishing, xxx + 1033 pp. - get paper here
  • Cogger, H.G. 2000. Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia, 6th ed. Ralph Curtis Publishing, Sanibel Island, 808 pp.
  • Cox, Merel J.; Van Dijk, Peter Paul; Jarujin Nabhitabhata & Thirakhupt,Kumthorn 1998. A Photographic Guide to Snakes and Other Reptiles of Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. Ralph Curtis Publishing, 144 pp.
  • Cuvier, G. 1807. Sur les différentes especes de crocodiles vivans et sur leurs caracteres distinctifs. Ann. Natl. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 10: 8-86. - get paper here
  • Dalzell, P. et al. 2009. Standardized Reference Ideogram for Physical Mapping in the Saltwater Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus). Cytogenet Genome Res 127: 204-212 - get paper here
  • Daniel, J.C.;Hussain, S.A. 1974. The record (?) Saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus Schneider). J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 71 (2): 309-312 - get paper here
  • Das, I. & J. K. Charles 2000. A record of Crocodylus raninus Müller & Schlegel, 1844, from Brunei, north-western Borneo. Sabah Parks Nature Journal 3:1-5.
  • DEEMING, D.C. 2022. Inter‐relationships among body mass, body dimensions, jaw musculature and bite force in reptiles. Journal of Zoology jzo.12981. - get paper here
  • Deraniyagala, P.E.P. 1953. A coloured atlas of some vertebrates from Ceylon. Vol. 2. Tetrapod Reptilia. Govt. Press, Colombo, 101 pp.
  • Deraniyagala,P.E.P. 1955. A new race of estuarine crocodile from Ceylon. Spolia Zeylan. 27: 277-279
  • Duméril, A.M. C. and G. Bibron. 1836. Erpetologie Générale ou Histoire Naturelle Complete des Reptiles. Vol. 3. Libr. Encyclopédique Roret, Paris, 528 pp. - get paper here
  • Elsworth, P.G., F. Seebacher & C.E. Franklin 2003. Sustained Swimming Performance in Crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus): Effects of Body Size and Temperature Journal of Herpetology 37 (2): 363-368. - get paper here
  • FIGUEROA, ALEX; MARTYN E.Y. LOW, KELVIN K.P. LIM 2023. Singapore’s herpetofauna: updated and annotated checklist, history, conservation, and distribution. Zootaxa 5287 (1): 001–378 - get paper here
  • FitzSimmons N.N, Buchan, J.C., Lam, P.V., Polet, G., Hung, T.T., Thang, N.Q. and Gratten, J. 2002. Identification of purebred Crocodylus siamensis for reintroduction in Vietnam. J. Exp. Zool. 294: 373-381 - get paper here
  • Fukuda, Yusuke and Keith Saalfeld 2014. Abundance of Saltwater Crocodile Hatchlings is Related to Rainfall in the Preceding Wet Season in Northern Australia. Herpetologica Dec 2014, Vol. 70, No. 4: 439-448. - get paper here
  • Fukuda, Yusuke and Nicholas Cuff 2013. Vegetation Communities as Nesting Habitat for the Saltwater Crocodiles in the Northern Territory <br>of Australia. Herp. Cons. Biol. 8 (3) - get paper here
  • Fukuda, Yusuke; Keith Saalfeld, Garry Lindner, and Tom Nichols 2013. Estimation of Total Length from Head Length of Saltwater Crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) in the Northern Territory, Australia. Journal of Herpetology Mar 2013, Vol. 47, No. 1: 34-40. - get paper here
  • Fukuda, Yusuke; Nam Chul Jang 2018. Crocodile tears: secretion of orbital fluid in a large saltwater crocodile Crocodylus porosus (Schneider, 1801). Herpetology Notes 11: 373-374 - get paper here
  • Gosálvez, J.; López-Fernández, C.; Johnston, S.D. 2016. Whole extra-charged DNA spermatozoa in the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) ejaculate. The Herpetological Journal 26 (4): 313-316 - get paper here
  • Gramentz, D. 2008. Zur Abundanz, räumlichen Verteilung und Bedrohung von Crocodylus porosus im Bentota Ganga, Sri Lanka. Elaphe 16 (3): 41-51
  • GRAMENTZ, D. 2009. Zum Schreckruf der Schlüpflinge von Crocodylus porosus Schneider, 1801. Sauria 31 (2): 13-19 - get paper here
  • Gramentz, D. 2011. Gefährdung und „Schutz“ des Sumpfkrokodils (Crocodylus palustris) und des Leistenkrokodils (Crocodylus porosus) auf Sri Lanka. Reptilia (Münster) 16 (87): 36-45 - get paper here
  • Gray, J.E. 1862. A synopsis of the species of crocodiles. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3)10: 265-274 - get paper here
  • Greer, A.E., Jr. 1974. On the maximum total length of the Salt water crocodile (Crocodylus porosus). Journal of Herpetology 8 (3): 381-384 - get paper here
  • Greer, Allen E. 1974. On the Maximum Total Length of the Salt-Water Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus). Journal of Herpetology 8 (4): 381-384 - get paper here
  • Hediger, H. 1934. Beitrag zur Herpetologie und Zoogeographie Neu-Britanniens und einiger umliegender Gebiete. Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.) 65: 441-582
  • Herlambang, A. E., Riyanto, A., Munir, M., Hamidy, A., Kimura, K., Eto, K., & Mumpuni, M. 2022. AFTER 16 YEARS: AN UPDATE CHECKLIST OF HERPETOFAUNA ON THE NATUNA ISLANDS, INDONESIA. TREUBIA, 49(2), 67-84 - get paper here
  • Isberg, S.R.; Thomson, P.C.; Nicholas, F.W.; Webb, G.J.W.; Manolis, S.C.; Barker, S.G.; and Moran, C. 2006. Quantitative analysis of production traits in saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus): IV. Number of scales. J. Anim. Breed. Genet. 123:48-55. - get paper here
  • Jackson, K., D. G. Butler, and J. H. Youson 1996. Morphology and ultrastructure of possible integumentary sense organs in the Estuarine Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus). Journal of Morphology 229:315-324. - get paper here
  • Janzen, P.; Klaas, P. & Ziesmann, S. 2007. Krokodile und Schildkröten auf Sri Lanka. Draco 7 (30): 45-49 - get paper here
  • Jelden, D.C. 1981. Preliminary Studies on the Breeding Biology of Crocodylus porosus and Crocodylus n. novaeguineae on the Middle Sepik (Papua New Guinea) Amphibia-Reptilia, 1(3-4): 353-358.
  • Jungnickel, Jens; Sommerland, Ralf; Trutnau, Ludwig 1991. Einige biologische Daten zur Kenntnis des Leistenkrokodils Crocodylus porosus Schneider, 1801. Herpetofauna 13 (71): 27-34 - get paper here
  • Kaiser, H., D. Taylor, S. Heacox, P. Landry, C. Sanchez, A. V. Ribeiro, L. L. de Araujo et al. 2013. Conservation education in a post-conflict country: five herpetological case studies in Timor-Leste. Salamandra 49 (2): 74-86 - get paper here
  • Kar, S.K. & H.R. Bustard 1983. Attacks on domestic livestock by juvenile saltwater crocodile, Crocodylus porosus, in Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary, Orissa India Amphibia-Reptilia, 4(1): 81-83. - get paper here
  • Ko Ko, Win, Khin Myo Myo, Lay Lay Khaing, Kalyar and Bill Holmstrom 2006. Crocodiles in Myanmar: Species diversity, historic accounts, and current population status and conservation. Herpetological Natural History 10 (1):77-89.
  • Kurniawan, N., Septiadi, L., Fathoni, M., & Muammar, A. 2022. A Checklist of the Herpetofauna of Nusa Kambangan Island, Central Java, Indonesia. Tropical Life Sciences Research, 33(2): 91–131 - get paper here
  • LADING, Engkamat and Indraneil DAS 2021. Diet of Juvenile Crocodylus porosus at Kuching Wetlands National Park, Sarawak, East Malaysia. Asian Herpetological Research 12 (3): 323－330 - get paper here
  • Lewis, Justine L.; Nancy N. FitzSimmons, Mona Lisa Jamerlan, Jason C. Buchan, and Gordon C. Grigg 2013. Mating Systems and Multiple Paternity in the Estuarine Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus). Journal of Herpetology Mar 2013, Vol. 47, No. 1: 24-33. - get paper here
  • Li, Yan; Xiaobing Wu, Xuefeng Ji, Peng Yan and George Amato 2007. The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Salt-water Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) and Phylogeny of Crocodilians. Journal of Genetics and Genomics 34 (2): 119-128 - get paper here
  • Limpus, C.J. 1980. Observations of Crocodylus porosus in the northern Great Barrier Reef. Herpetofauna (Sydney) 12 (1): 34
  • Magnusson, W.E. 1979. Incubation Period of Crocodylus porosus Journal of Herpetology 13 (3): 362-363. - get paper here
  • Magnusson, W.E. 1979. Dispersal of Hatchling Crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) (Reptilia, Crocodilidae) Journal of Herpetology 13 (3): 227-231. - get paper here
  • Magnusson, W.E. 1980. Hatching and Creche Formation by Crocodylus porosus Copeia 1980 (2): 359-362. - get paper here
  • Magnusson, W.E. 1982. Mortality of Eggs of the Crocodile Crocodylus porosus in Northern Australia Journal of Herpetology 16 (2): 121-130. - get paper here
  • Magnusson, W.E. & J.A. Taylor 1981. Growth of Juvenile Crocodylus porosus as Effected by Season of Hatching Journal of Herpetology 15 (2): 242-245. - get paper here
  • Magnusson, W.E. & J.A. Taylor 1982. Wallows of Crocodylus porosus as Dry Season Refuges in Swamps Copeia 1982 (2): 478-480. - get paper here
  • Martin, Samuel 2008. Global diversity of crocodiles (Crocodilia, Reptilia) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia 595:587–591 - get paper here
  • McCoy, M. 2006. Reptiles of the Solomon Islands. Pensoft Series Faunistica 57, 212 pp.
  • McCoy, M. 2015. A Field Guide to the Reptiles of the Solomon Islands. Michael McCoy, Kuranda - get paper here
  • Meganathan, P.R.; Bhawna Dubey, Mark A. Batzer, David A. Ray, Ikramul Haque 2010. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of genus Crocodylus (Eusuchia, Crocodylia, Crocodylidae) and the taxonomic position of Crocodylus porosus. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 57 (1): 393-402 - get paper here
  • Mertens, R. 1928. Herpetologische Mitteilungen. XXI. Crocodylus porosus SCHNEIDER auf den Mentawei-Inseln. Senckenbergiana 10 (3): 229-229
  • Mertens, R. 1930. Die Amphibien und Reptilien der Inseln Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa und Flores. Senck. Naturf. Gesell., Frankfurt am Main, Abhandl. 42(3): 117-344.
  • Mertens,R. 1960. Zur Systematik und Nomenklatur der Ceylon-Krokodile. Senckenbergiana biologica 41: 267-272
  • Messel, H.;Webb, G.;Yerbury, M.;Grigg, G. 1977. A study of crocodylus porosus in northern Australia. Australian animals and their environment. : - get paper here
  • Meyer, F.A.A. 1795. Synopsis Reptilium, novam ipsorum sistens generum methodum, nec non Gottingensium huius ordinis animalium enumerationem. Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, Göttingen, 32 pp [for current names see Rösler & Böhme 2021] - get paper here
  • Miles LG, Isberg SR, Glenn TC, Lance SL, Dalzell P, Thomson PC, Moran C 2009. A genetic linkage map for the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus). BMC Genomics 10:339 - get paper here
  • Miles, Lee G. ; Sally R. Isberg; Chris Moran; Cris Hagen; Travis C. Glenn 2009. 253 Novel polymorphic microsatellites for the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus). Conservation Genetics. 10:963–980 - get paper here
  • Miles, Lee G.; Stacey L. Lance; Sally R. Isberg; Chris Moran; Travis C. Glenn 2009. Cross-species amplification of microsatellites in crocodilians: assessment and applications for the future. Conservation Genetics. 10:935–954 - get paper here
  • Montague, J.J. 1983. A new size record for the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus). Herpetological Review 14 (2): 36-37 - get paper here
  • Müller,S. & Schlegel, H. 1844. Over de Krokodillen van den Indischen Archipel. In: Temminck,V. (1839-1847) Verhandelingen over de natuurlijke geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche bezittingen, door de leden der Natuurkundige Commisie in Oost-Indie en andere schrijvers. Leijde Vitg. door C.J. Temminck, Leiden, Leuchtmans u. Hoeck in comm.: 28
  • Neill, W.T. 1956. The possibility of an undescribed crocodile on New Britain. Herpetologica 12: 174-176 - get paper here
  • Nguyen, S.V., Ho, C.T. and Nguyen, T.Q. 2009. Herpetofauna of Vietnam. Chimaira, Frankfurt, 768 pp.
  • Nickel, H. & Auliya, M. 2004. Krokodile - faszinierende Überlebenskünstler. Draco 5 (20): 4-19 - get paper here
  • Palot, M.J. 2015. A checklist of reptiles of Kerala, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 7(13): 8010–8022 - get paper here
  • PAN, TAO; JIA-SHUN MIAO, HUA-BIN ZHANG, PENG YAN, PING-SHIN LEE, XIN-YUE JIANG, JIA-HUI OUYANG, YOU-PENG DENG, BAO-WEI ZHANG & XIAO-BING WU. 2021. Near-complete phylogeny of extant Crocodylia (Reptilia) using mitogenome-based data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 191(4): 1075–1089. - get paper here
  • Pauwels,O.S.G. et al. 2000. Herpetological investigations in Phang-Nga Province, southern Peninsular Thailand, with a list of reptile species and notes on their biology. Dumerilia 4 (2): 123-154 - get paper here
  • Piras, Paolo; Luciano Teresi; Angela D. Buscalioni and Jorge Cubo 2009. The shadow of forgotten ancestors differently constrains the fate of Alligatoroidea and Crocodyloidea. Global Ecology and Biogeography (Global Ecol. Biogeogr.) 18: 30–40 - get paper here
  • Platt, S.G., Holloway, R.H.P., Evans, P.T., Paudyal, K., Piron, H. and Rainwater, T.R. 2006. Evidence for the historic occurrence of Crocodylus porosus Schneider, 1801 in Tonle Sap, Cambodia. Hamadryad 30: 206-209 - get paper here
  • Platt, Steven G., Johny S. Tasirin, Iwan Hunowu, Stephan Siwu and Thomas R. Rainwater. 2007. Recent distribution records of Estuarine crocodiles Crocodylus porosus in northern Sulawesi, Indonesia. Herpetological Bulletin 100:13-17 - get paper here
  • Rangasamy, V.; C. Sivaperuman, G. Gokulakrishnan, and P. Parthipan 2018. Herpetofauna of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. in: C. Sivaperuman, K. Venkataraman (eds.), Indian Hotspots, Springer, pp: 37-56 - get paper here
  • Rao, R J 1991. Saltwater crocodile Crocodylus porosus in Andhra Pradesh. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 88 (1): 116-117 - get paper here
  • Rasmussen, AR; Murphy, JC; Ompi M; Gibbons JW; Uetz P. 2011. Marine reptiles. PLoS One 6 (11): e27373. - get paper here
  • Rhind, David, Amy Ricketts, Greg Calvert and Kevin Lyons. 2015. Crocodylus porosus (estuarine crocodile) fishing behavior. Herpetological Review 46 (2): 248-249 - get paper here
  • RIDHA, MOHAMMAD ALI; MIRZA DIKARI KUSRINI, ANI MARDIASTUTI & NANCY KARRAKER. 2021. The amphibians and reptiles of Rawa Aopa Watumohai national park, southeast Sulawesi. Media Konservasi 26 (2): 128–138. - get paper here
  • Rösler, Herbert & Wolfgang Böhme 2021. Das Leben von Friedrich Albrecht Anton Meyer (1768 – 1795) und die Herpetologie in seinen Schriften, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der „Synopsis Reptilium“. Sekretär 21: 83-129
  • Ross, Charles A. 1990. Crocodylus raninus S. Müller and Schlegel, a valid species of crocodile (Reptilia: Crocodylidae) from Borneo. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 103 (4): 955-961. - get paper here
  • Ross, Charles A. 1992. Designation of a lectotype for Crocodylus raninus S. Müller & Schlegel, 1844 (Reptilia:Crocodylidae), the Borneo crocodile. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 105 (2): 400-402. - get paper here
  • Sacha, Manuel 2023. Krokodile in Menschenobhut. Sauria 45 (2): 11-30
  • Samarasinghe, D.J.S. & Alwis, D. 2017. Crocodylus porosus (Saltwater Crocodile) Diet. Herpetological Review 48 (3): 630-631. - get paper here
  • Schneider, JOHANN GOTTLOB 1801. Historiae Amphibiorum naturalis et literariae. Fasciculus secundus continens Crocodilos, Scincos, Chamaesauras, Boas. Pseudoboas, Elapes, Angues. Amphisbaenas et Caecilias. Frommanni, Jena. 374 pp. - get paper here
  • Spawls, S.; Howell, K.; Drewes, R.C. & Ashe, J. 2002. A field guide to the reptiles of East Africa. Academic Press, 543 pp. [reviews in HR 34: 396 and Afr. J. Herp. 51; 147] - get paper here
  • Spennemann, Dirk H. R. S 2021. Cruising the Currents: Observations of Extra-Limital Saltwater Crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus Schneider, 1801) in the Pacific Region. Pacific Science Feb 2021 Vol. 74, No. 3: 211-227 - get paper here
  • St John, John A.; Edward L Braun, Sally R Isberg,, Lee G Miles, Amanda Y Chong, Jaime Gongora, Pauline Dalzell,, Christopher Moran, Bertrand Bed’Hom, Arkhat Abzhanov, Shane C Burgess, Amanda M Cooksey, Todd A Castoe, Nicholas G Crawford0, Llewellyn D 2012. Sequencing three crocodilian genomes to illuminate the evolution of archosaurs and amniotes. Genome Biology 13:415 - get paper here
  • STARCK, J. MATTHIAS & JEANETTE WYNEKEN. 2022. Comparative and Functional Anatomy of the Ectothermic Sauropsid Heart. Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 25(2): 337–366. - get paper here
  • Stuebing, R.B.;Ismail, G.;Ching, L.H. 1994. The distribution and abundance of the Indo-Pacific crocodile Crocodylus porosus Schneider in the Klias river, Sabah, East Malaysia. Biol. Cons. 69 (1): 1-7 - get paper here
  • Tenzin, J.; S. Nidup, G. Gyeltsen, T. Tshomo, A. Nepal & J.T. Wangyal 2022. The herpetofauna in Sarpang District, Bhutan TAPROBANICA 11 (02): 99–102 - get paper here
  • Teo, R.C.H. & Rajathurai, S. 1997. Mammals, reptiles and amphibians in the Nature Reserves of Singapore - diversity, abundance and distribution. Proc. Nature Reserves Survey Seminar. Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 49: 353-425
  • Trutnau, L. & Sommerlad, R. 2006. Krokodile - Biologie und Haltung. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt, 646 pp. [review in Reptilia Münster 11 (6): 95-96]
  • Trutnau, L. & Sommerlad, R. 2006. Crocodilians. Their natural history and captive husbandry. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt, 646 pp. [review in Reptilia GB 48: 8-10]
  • Webb, G. J. W. & Cooper-Preston, H. 1989. Effects of incuation temperature on crocodiles and the evolution of reptilian oviparity. American Zoologist 29: 953-971 - get paper here
  • Webb, G.J.W., G.J. Hollis & S.C. Manolis 1991. Feeding, Growth, and Food Conversion Rates of Wild Juvenile Saltwater Crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) Journal of Herpetology 25 (4): 462-473. - get paper here
  • Webb, G.J.W., H. Messel & W. Magnusson 1977. The nesting of Crocodylus porosus in Arnhem Land, northern Australia Copeia 1977 (2): 238-249. - get paper here
  • Webb, G.J.W.; Manolis, S.C.;Sack, G.C. 1983. Crocodylus johnstoni and C porosus coexisting in a tidal river. Aust. Wildl. Res. 10: 639-650 - get paper here
  • Webb, G.J.W.;Messel, H. 1978. Morphometric analysis of Crocodylus porosus from the north coast of Arnhem Island, Northern Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology 26 (1): 1-28 - get paper here
  • Wei, Wentian; Ting Li, Bo Yao, Guangwei Fan, Huabin Zhang, Tao Pan, Pingshin Lee, Haitao Nie, Pen Yan, Jingwang Xu & Xiaobing Wu 2022. The Reproductive Characteristics of the First-generation Hybrid Derived from Three Introduced Purebred Crocodile Species Current Herpetology Feb 2022 Vol. 41, No. 1: 101-113 - get paper here
  • Wermuth, H. 1954. Zur Nomenclatur und Typologie des Leistenkrokodils, Crocodylus porosus Schneider 1801. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin 30 (2): 483-487 - get paper here
  • Wermuth, H. 1960. The identity of the name Crocodylus natans Meyer 1795 A second contribution to the nomenclature and typology of the Estuarine crocodile, Crocodylus porosus Schneider 1801. Spol. Zeyl. 29: 23-27
  • Wermuth,H. & Fuchs,K. 1978. Bestimmen von Krokodilen und ihrer Häute. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart - New York, 100 pages, [ISBN 3-437-30268-X]
  • Whiting, Scott D. and Andrea U. Whiting 2011. Predation by the Saltwater Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) on Sea Turtle Adults, Eggs, and Hatchlings. Chelonian Conservation and Biology Dec 2011, Vol. 10, No. 2: 198-205. - get paper here
  • Willis, Ray E. 2009. Transthyretin gene (TTR) intron 1 elucidates crocodylian phylogenetic relationships. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 53 (3): 1049-1054 - get paper here
  • Ziegler, T. 2020. “Dau Sau” - ein Rekordkrokodil aus Vietnam. Elaphe 2020 (2): 46-50
  • Ziegler, Thomas; Nguyen Thien Tao, Nguyen Trung Minh, Rainier Manalo, Arvin Diesmos, Charlie Manolis 2019. A GIANT CROCODILE SKULL FROM CAN THO, NAMED “DAU SAU”, REPRESENTS THE LARGEST KNOWN SALTWATER CROCODILE (Crocodylus porosus) EVER REPORTED FROM VIETNAM. TAP CHI SINH HOC 41(4): 25–30 - get paper here
  • ZUG, G.R. 2013. Reptiles and Amphibians of the Pacific Islands. University of California Press, Berkeley, 306 pp. - get paper here
  • Zug, G.R. & Mulcahy, D.G. 2019. Identification guide Amphibians and reptiles of South Tanintharyi. Fauna & Flora International, 101 pp.
 
External links  
Is it interesting? Share with others:


Please submit feedback about this entry to the curator