Anolis distichus COPE, 1861

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Higher Taxa	Anolidae, Iguania, Sauria, Squamata (lizards)
Subspecies	Anolis distichus distichus COPE 1861 Anolis distichus biminiensis OLIVER 1948 Anolis distichus dapsilis SCHWARTZ 1968 Anolis distichus distichoides ROSÉN 1911 Anolis distichus dominicensis REINHARDT & LÜTKEN 1862 Anolis distichus favillarum SCHWARTZ 1968 Anolis distichus floridanus SMITH & MCCAULEY 1948 Anolis distichus ignigularis MERTENS 1939 Anolis distichus juliae COCHRAN 1934 Anolis distichus ocior SCHWARTZ 1968 Anolis distichus patruelis SCHWARTZ 1968 Anolis distichus properus SCHWARTZ 1968 Anolis distichus ravitergum SCHWARTZ 1968 Anolis distichus sejunctus SCHWARTZ 1968 Anolis distichus suppar SCHWARTZ 1968 Anolis distichus tostus SCHWARTZ 1968 Anolis distichus vinosus SCHWARTZ 1968
Common Names	E: North Caribbean Bark Anole, Hispaniolan gracile anole, Bark anole
Synonym	Anolis distichus COPE 1861: 208 Anolis citrinellus COPE 1864 Anolis distichus — BOULENGER 1885: 33 Anolis citrinellus — BOULENGER 1885: 35 Anolis citrinellus — SCHMIDT 1921: 13 Anolis distichus — CONANT & COLLINS 1991: 93 Anolis distichus — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1991: 252 Anolis distichus — NICHOLSON et al. 2005 Anolis distichus — GLOR & LAPORT 2012 Ctenonotus distichus — NICHOLSON et al. 2012 Anolis distichus — CROTHER et al. 2012 Ctenonotus distichus — NICHOLSON et al. 2018 Anolis distichus distichus COPE 1861 Anolis distichus COPE 1862: 208 Anolis distichus distichus — BARBOUR 1937: 125 Ctenonotus distichus distichus — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1988: 108 Ctenonotus distichus distichus — NICHOLSON et al. 2012 Ctenonotus distichus distichus — NICHOLSON et al. 2018 Anolis distichus biminiensis OLIVER 1948 Anolis distichus biminiensis OLIVER 1948: 16 Ctenonotus distichus biminiensis — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1988: 108 Ctenonotus distichus biminiensis — NICHOLSON et al. 2012 Ctenonotus distichus biminiensis — NICHOLSON et al. 2018 Anolis distichus dapsilis SCHWARTZ 1968 Anolis distichus dapsilis SCHWARTZ 1968: 270 Ctenonotus distichus dapsilis — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1988: 108 Ctenonotus distichus dapsilis — NICHOLSON et al. 2012 Ctenonotus distichus dapsilis — NICHOLSON et al. 2018 Anolis distichus distichoides ROSÉN 1911 Anolis distichoides ROSEN 1911: 29 Anolis distichus distichoides — BARBOUR 1937: 125 Ctenonotus distichus distichoides — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1988: 108 Anolis distichus distichoides — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1991 Ctenonotus distichus distichoides — NICHOLSON et al. 2012 Ctenonotus distichus distichoides — NICHOLSON et al. 2018 Anolis distichus dominicensis REINHARDT & LÜTKEN 1862 Anolis dominicensis REINHARDT & LÜTKEN 1862: 261 Anolis biauritus MEERWARTH 1901: 23 Anolis distichus dominicensis — MERTENS 1938 Anolis distichus albogularis MERTENS 1939: 59 Anolis distichus dominicensis — MERTENS 1939: 55 Ctenonotus distichus dominicensis — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1988: 109 Anolis distichus dominicensis — POWELL et al. 1999: 109 Anolis dominicensis — GLOR & LAPORT 2012 Ctenonotus distichus dominicensis — NICHOLSON et al. 2012 Anolis dominicensis — POE et al. 2017 Anolis dominicensis — NICHOLSON et al. 2018 Ctenonotus dominicensis — NICHOLSON et al. 2018 Anolis distichus dominicensis — HEDGES et al. 2019 Anolis distichus dominicensis — MYERS et al. 2020 Anolis distichus favillarum SCHWARTZ 1968 Anolis distichus favillarum SCHWARTZ 1968: 289 Ctenonotus distichus favillarum — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1988: 109 Anolis favillarum — GLOR & LAPORT 2012 Ctenonotus distichus favillarum — NICHOLSON et al. 2012 Anolis favillarum — POE et al. 2017 Anolis distichus favillarum — MACGUIGAN et al. 2017 Ctenonotus favillarum — NICHOLSON et al. 2018 Anolis distichus favillarum — HEDGES et al. 2019 Anolis distichus favillarum — MYERS et al. 2020 Anolis distichus floridanus SMITH & MCCAULEY 1948 Anolis distichus floridanus — SCHWARTZ 1968: 299 Anolis distichus floridanus — DENZER 1985 Anolis distichus floridanus — CROTHER et al. 2012 Ctenonotus distichus — NICHOLSON et al. 2018 Anolis distichus ignigularis MERTENS 1939 Anolis distichus ignigularis MERTENS 1939: 58 Anolis distichus ignigularis — SCHWARTZ & THOMAS 1975: 79 Anolis ignigularis — NCBI 2024 Anolis distichus juliae COCHRAN 1934 Anolis dominicensis juliae COCHRAN 1934 Anolis distichus juliae — COCHRAN 1941 Anolis distichus juliae — BARBOUR & LOVERIDGE 1946 Ctenonotus distichus juliae — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1988: 110 Anolis distichus juliae — POWELL et al. 1999 Ctenonotus distichus juliae — NICHOLSON et al. 2012 Ctenonotus distichus juliae — NICHOLSON et al. 2018 Anolis distichus ocior SCHWARTZ 1968 Anolis distichus ocior SCHWARTZ 1968: 271 Ctenonotus distichus ocior — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1988: 110 Ctenonotus distichus ocior — NICHOLSON et al. 2012 Ctenonotus distichus ocior — NICHOLSON et al. 2018 Anolis distichus patruelis SCHWARTZ 1968 Anolis distichus patruelis SCHWARTZ 1968: 297 Ctenonotus distichus patruelis — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1988: 110 Ctenonotus distichus patruelis — NICHOLSON et al. 2012 Ctenonotus distichus patruelis — NICHOLSON et al. 2018 Anolis distichus properus SCHWARTZ 1968: 282 Ctenonotus distichus properus — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1988: 110 Ctenonotus distichus properus — NICHOLSON et al. 2012 Anolis properus — GLOR & LAPORT 2012 Anolis distichus properus — SCHMIDT 2013 Anolis properus — POE et al. 2017 Ctenonotus properus — NICHOLSON et al. 2018 Anolis distichus properus — MYERS et al. 2020 Anolis distichus ravitergum SCHWARTZ 1968: 287 Ctenonotus distichus ravitergum — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1988: 110 Ctenonotus distichus ravitergum — NICHOLSON et al. 2012 Anolis ravitergum — GLOR & LAPORT 2012 Anolis ravitergum — POE et al. 2017 Ctenonotus ravitergum — NICHOLSON et al. 2018 Anolis distichus ravitergum — MYERS et al. 2020 Anolis ravitergum — NCBI 2024 Anolis distichus sejunctus SCHWARTZ 1968 Anolis distichus sejunctus SCHWARTZ 1968: 284 Ctenonotus distichus sejunctus — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1988: 110 Ctenonotus distichus sejunctus — NICHOLSON et al. 2012 Ctenonotus distichus sejunctus — NICHOLSON et al. 2018 Anolis distichus sejunctus — MYERS et al. 2020 Anolis distichus suppar SCHWARTZ 1968 Anolis distichus suppar SCHWARTZ 1968: 295 Ctenonotus distichus suppar — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1988: 111 Ctenonotus distichus suppar — NICHOLSON et al. 2012 Ctenonotus distichus suppar — NICHOLSON et al. 2018 Anolis distichus suppar — MYERS et al. 2020 Anolis distichus tostus SCHWARTZ 1968 Anolis distichus tostus SCHWARTZ 1968: 286 Ctenonotus distichus tostus — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1988: 111 Ctenonotus distichus tostus — NICHOLSON et al. 2012 Ctenonotus distichus tostus — NICHOLSON et al. 2018 Anolis distichus vinosus SCHWARTZ 1968: 293 Ctenonotus distichus vinosus — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1988: 111 Ctenonotus distichus vinosus — NICHOLSON et al. 2012 Anolis vinosus — POE et al. 2017 Anolis distichus vinosus — MACGUIGAN et al. 2017 Ctenonotus distichus vinosus — NICHOLSON et al. 2018 Anolis distichus vinosus — MYERS et al. 2020
Distribution	USA (introduced to S Florida), Bahamas, Hispaniola: Haiti, Dominican Republic, Cat Island I, Little San Salvador, Ile de la Tortue, Ile-a-Vache, Ile Grande Cayemite, Ile Petite Cayemite, Isla Saona, Isla Catalina distichus: Great Bahama Bank (except Bimini Is., Andros I., Berry Is., Eleuthera I., Eleuthera Cays); Cat I. material intergradient between A. d. distichus, A. d. dapsilis, and A. d. ocior. Type locality: New Providence Island, Bahama Islands. biminiensis: Bahama Is.: Bimini Is.;Type locality: Western end of South Bimini Island, Bahama Islands. citrinellus: Santo Domingo; Type locality: Santo Domingo. dapsilis: Great Bahama Bank: Eleuthera I., Eleuthera Cays, Little San Salvador I.; Type locality: Ocean side opposite Hatchet Bay, Eleuthera Island, Bahama Islands. Apparently the subspecies introduced on Grand Bahama I. distichoides: Great Bahama Bank: Andros I., Berry Is.; Bahamas: Andros Island (fide Barbour 1914). Type locality: Mastic Point and Stanniard Creek, Andros Island, Bahama Islands. dominicensis: introduced to USA (southeast Florida) dominicensis: Hispaniola, throughout much of Haiti and República Dominicana with exception of ranges of other mainland Hispaniolan subspecies; isolated population in Azua and Barahona provinces; Possibly on Île de la Tortue; Type locality: Haiti; restricted to the vicinity of Port-au-Prince, Departement de I'Ouest, Haiti by Schwartz, 1968: 274. favillarum: Hispaniola, Sierra de Baoruco, República Dominicana, elevation: 2300 ft. to 4450 ft.; Type locality: 3 km NE Las Auyamas, 3300 ft., Barahona Province, Republica Dominicana. floridanus: USA (Florida), Type locality: Brickell Park, Miami, Dade County, Florida, USA. ignigularis: Hispaniola, República Dominicana, south-central and eastern portions; Peninsula de Samaná; Type locality: San Pedro de Macoris, San Pedro de Macoris Province, Republica Dominicana. juliae: Hispaniola, Île-à-Vache.Type locality: IIe-a-Vache, Haiti. ocior: Bahama Is.: Rum Cay; San Salvador I. including satellite cays.Type locality: Port Nelson, Rum Cay, Bahama Islands. patruelis: Hispaniola, Haiti, Île Grande Cayemite; possibly Île Petite Cayemite. Type locality: Vicinity of Pointe Sable, lIe Grande Cayemite, Haiti. properus: Hispaniola, E República Dominicana. Type locality: 0.5 mi. NW Boca de Yuma, La Altagracia Province, Republica Dominicana. ravitergum: Hispaniola, República Dominicana, Valle de Neiba, Llanos de Azua, east to San Cristóbal Province. Type locality: 16.5 mi. S San Jose de Ocoa, 500 ft., Peravia Province, Republica Dominicana. sejunctus: República Dominicana, Isla Saona. Type locality: Environs of Mano Juan, Isla Saona, Republica Dominicana. suppar: Hispaniola, Haiti, extreme western tip of Tiburon Peninsula; intergrades with A. d. aurifer on north coast.Type locality: Dame-Marie, south side of town along coast, Departement de la Grand'Anse, Haiti. tostus: República Dominicana, Isla Catalina. Type locality: Isla Catalina, western end, Republica Dominicana. vinosus: Hispaniola, extreme southwestern Tiburon Peninsula; Type locality: Camp Perrin, Departement du Sud, Haiti.
Reproduction	oviparous
Types	Syntypes: ANSP 7780-87 Holotype: SMF 25855 [albogularis] Holotype: MCZ 81125 [aurifer] Syntypes: ZMH 1486a-c (given as HZM by Schwartz & Henderson 1988: 109) [biauritus] Holotype: AMNH 68640 [biminiensis] Holotype: MCZ 81139 [dapsilis] Syntypes: MZLU (presumed in Zool. Mus. Univ. Lund) [distichoides] Syntypes: ZMUC 37114-15, (given as UZM by Schwartz & Henderson 1988: 109), allotypes in ZMUC [dominicensis] Holotype: MCZ 81133 [favillarum] Holotype: USNM 127114, adult male, collected by R. H. McCauley, 6 November 1946 [floridanus] Holotype: SMF 25694 [ignigularis] Holotype: MCZ 37517 [juliae] Holotype: MCZ 81140 [ocior] Holotype: MCZ 81138 [patruelis] Holotype: MCZ 81130 [properus] Holotype: MCZ 81132 [ravitergum] Holotype: MCZ 91131 (in catalogue as 81131) [sejunctus] Holotype: MCZ 81137 [suppar] Holotype: MCZ 81124 (in catalogue as 81134) [tostus] Holotype: MCZ 81136 [vinosus]
Diagnosis	Additional details, e.g. a detailed description or comparisons (2788 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details.
Comment	For illustrations see Mertens, 1939; Mertens, 1940; Cochran, 1941; Schwartz, 1968 b. Synonymy: Anolis brevirostris is listed as a synonym of A. distichus by BOULENGER (1885) but is now considered as a valid species. Anolis citrinellus COPE 1864 was previously considered a synonym of A. cybotes but moved to the synonymy of A. distichus by Köhler et al. 2019. Here we mostly follow Myers et al. 2020 who were unable to diagnose “species” within A. distichus. Poe et al. 2017 recognize A. vinosus based on Ng et al. 2013 (J. Hered. 2013:104: 862–873), but the latter paper doesn’t even mention A. vinosus. Subspecies: GLOR & LAPORT 2012 elevated several subspecies to full species rank, including aurifer, dominicensis, favillarum, ignigularis, properus, ravitergum, and vinosus. Similarly, MacGuigan et al. 2017 found that A. distichus is comprised of numerous distinct populations that likely warrant recognition as distinct species. However, neither were able to provide diagnostic phenotypic traits to distinguish the candidate species identified on the basis of genomic differentiation. MacGuigan et al. also found that “dewlap color is not by itself a reliable diagnostic trait in the A. distichus complex, and perhaps in anoles more broadly”. Note however, that the distichus complex has always been recognized as the major exception to the idea that dewlap color variation relates to reproductive isolation. Mertens 1939 also described A. d. albidogularis which is not mentioned in the recent literature. Species group: Ctenonotus distichus species group (fide NICHOLSON et al. 2012). Diet: a large percentage of the diet of this species (50-80%) consists of ants (Lucas et al. 2023). Hybridization: A. d. dominicensis intergrades with A. d. ignigularis in Cordillera Central; A. d. favillarum is possibly intergrading with A. d. dominicensis in Pedernales Province. A. d. properus intergrades with A. d. ignigularis in NE La Romana. A. d. ravitergum intergrades with A. (d.) ignigularis in southern Peravia Province, and possibly with A. (d.) dominicensis in Azua Province. A. d. vinosus intergrades with A. (d.) aurifer at Cavaillon and Plaine Martin, and with A. (d.) suppar between Roche-à-Bateaux and Coteaux. NCBI taxon ID: 2961824 [dominicensis] NCBI taxon ID: 933497 [ignigularis] NCBI taxon ID: 2961825 [properus] NCBI taxon ID: 933499 [ravitergum] NCBI taxon ID: 2961827 [vinosus]
Etymology	Named after Latin distichus, a, um, ‘which has two ranks’. Anolis distichus dominicensis was named after the presence of this species in the Dominican Republic. Anolis distichus biminiensis was named after the type locality, Bimini Island. Anolis distichus dapsilis was named after Latin dapsilis = plentiful, referring to the fact that the subspecies appears to be the “commonest subspecies of A. distichus in the Bahamas” Anolis distichus dominicensis was named after the type locality on the Dominican Republic. Anolis distichus favillarum was named after Latin, favilla = glowing ashes, apparently after the color pattern in this subspecies. Anolis distichus floridanus was named after its type locality in Florida. Anolis distichus ocior was named after Latin ocior = more rapid, apparently referring to the speed with which it moves. Anolis distichus patruelis was named after Latin, patruelis = relating to a cousin Anolis distichus properus was named after Latin properus, apparently after its quick movements. Anolis distichus ravitergum was named after Latin, ravum = gray and Latin tergum = back, after the dorsal color. Anolis distichus sejunctus was named after Latin sejungere = to sever, without further explanations by Schwartz, but possibly referring to the spots on the dorsum, compared to stripes dominicensis, or referring to sejunctus having 1/1 scales between the semicircles and the interparietal (0/0) in the two Bahaman subspecies). Anolis distichus suppar was named after Latin suppar = almost equal. Anolis distichus tostus was named after Latin torrere = to parch, to toast, without further explanation by Schwarz, possibly referring to the yellow-tan dorsum, which has the color of toasted bread. Anolis distichus vinosus was named after Latin, vinosus = full of wine, after the wine-red centered dewlap.
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External links	IUCN Red List National Center for Biotechnology Information https://sites.google.com/site/kuscarji/vrste-kuscarjev/polychrotidae http://www.anoleannals.org/2017/06/13/are-there-seven-species-of-anolis… http://www.wildherps.com/families/Polychrotidae.html http://www.pnas.org/content/107/51/cover-expansion.medium.gif http://www.vivaria.nl/column/arch35.stm http://www.oropel.de/adi.htm (ignigularis) http://parcours.pilonm.org/cgi-bin/afficheReptile.pl?anolisDistichus=12=12 Google images

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