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Bitis arietans MERREM, 1820

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Higher TaxaViperidae, Viperinae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
SubspeciesBitis arietans arietans (MERREM 1820)
Bitis arietans somalica PARKER 1949 
Common NamesE: Puff Adder
G: Gemeine Puffotter 
SynonymBitis arietans arietans (MERREM 1820)
Vipera (Echidna) arietans MERREM 1820: 152
Cobra lachesis LAURENTI 1768
Cobra clotho LAURENTI 1768
Echidna arietans — WAGLER 1828
Vipera arietans — BIANCONI 1850: 189
Echidna arietans — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1854: 1425
Bitis arietans — FISCHER 1884: 17
Bitis arietans — SCHMIDT 1923: 140
Cobra lachesis — MERTENS 1938
Bitis arietans — FITZSIMONS & BRAIN 1958
Bitis lachesis — MENZIES 1966
Bitis arietans — HARDING & WELCH 1980
Bitis arietans arietans — AUERBACH 1987: 206
Bitis arietans arietans — GASPERETTI 1988: 330
Bitis arietans arietans — BROADLEY & HOWELL 1991: 23
Bitis (Bitis) arietans — LENK et al. 1999
Bitis arietans — MCDIARMID, CAMPBELL & TOURÉ 1999: 358
Bitis arietans — LARGEN & SPAWLS 2010: 612
Bitis (Bitis) arietans — WITTENBERG et al. 2014
Bitis arietans — WALLACH et al. 2014: 91
Bitis arietans — SPAWLS et al. 2018: 576
Bitis (Bitis) arietans — BARLOW et al. 2019
Bitis arietans — PIETERSEN et al. 2021

Bitis arietans somalica PARKER 1949
Bitis lachesis somalica PARKER 1949: 101
Bitis lachesis somalica — CAPOCACCIA 1955: 70
Bitis lachesis somalica — GANS et al. 1965
Bitis arietans somalica — LANZA 1988
Bitis arietans somalica — DOBIEY & VOGEL 2007 
DistributionRepublic of South Africa, Swaziland, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, Angola, Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda, Kenya, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire; except in the Center), Congo (Brazzaville), Gabon, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Niger, Nigeria, Benin, Togo, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia,
Guinea (Conakry), Guinea-Bissau, Gambia, Senegal, Mauritania, Western Sahara, Mali, Sudan (Jumhūriyyat), Republic of South Sudan (RSS) [abukhalil.mohamed, pers. comm.], Chad,
Morocco, SW Saudi Arabia, Oman

somalica: Somalia, N Kenya

Type locality: Cape of Good Hope = South Africa.  
Reproductionovovivparous 
TypesTypes: BMNH 11.2.3a (possibly, fide P. Campbell, pers. comm. May 2019). Previously listed as unlocated; Merrem listed several plates in Seba (1735) in a footnote, but without details. Actual jar not located in BMNH though.
Syntypes: BMNH 1949.2.3.1-3, BMNH 1905.10.30.133-4, BMNH 1905.11.7.58, BMNH 1931.7.20.408-9 and BMNH 1931.10.2.2 [somalica] 
DiagnosisAdditional details, e.g. a detailed description or comparisons (4760 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentVenomous!

Bitis arietans peghullae Stewart 1973 is rejected as it has not been published regularly (BRANCH 1999).

Hybridization: Bitis arietans and Bitis gabonica hybridize in nature (Broadley & Blaylock 2013: 103)

Type species: Vipera (Echidna) arietans MERREM 1820 is the type species of the genus Bitis GRAY 1842.

Phylogenetics: for a recent phylogeny of this and related Viperinae see Šmíd & Tolley 2019 and Ceriaco et al. 2020 (for the genus Bitis).

Diet: Bitis arietans feeds mainly on rodents (76 %), fide Mané & Trape 2019.

Distribution: For a map see Sindaco et al. 2013. Not in Liberia fide TRAPE & BALDÉ 2014: 320. Not in Algeria fide Rachid Rouag (pers. comm., 8 May 2024). Not in Equatorial Guinea fide SÁNCHEZ-VIALAS et al. 2022 (where only B. nasicornis and B. gabonica occur). 
EtymologyNamed after Latin arieto for “I butt like a ram”, arietans can also mean “I strike violently or to bite violently.

The genus is named after New Latin bitis = to bite.

 
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